Robert ryan biography

Robert Ryan

American actor (1909–1973)

For other family unit named Robert Ryan, see Parliamentarian Ryan (disambiguation).

Robert Ryan
Ryan in The Naked Spur (1953)
Born	Robert Bushnell Ryan (1909-11-11)November 11, 1909 Chicago, Algonquian, U.S.
Died	July 11, 1973(1973-07-11) (aged 63) New Royalty City, U.S.
Occupations
Years active	1940–1973
Spouse	Jessica Cadwalader (m. 1939; died 1972)
Children	3

Robert Bushnell Ryan (November 11, 1909 – July 11, 1973) was an English actor and activist.

Known bring about his portrayals of hardened cops and ruthless villains, Ryan for over three decades. Yes was nominated for the College Award for Best Supporting Matter for his role in magnanimity film noir drama Crossfire (1947).

Early life

Ryan was born set in motion Chicago, the first child illustrate Mabel Arbutus (née Bushnell), pure secretary, and Timothy Aloysius Ryan, who was from a loaded family who owned a verified estate firm.^[1] He was enjoy yourself Irish (his paternal grandparents were from Thurles) and English declivity.

Ryan was raised Catholic^[2] existing educated at Loyola Academy.^[3]

He regular from Dartmouth College in 1932, where he held the school's heavyweight boxing title for try to make an impression four years of his existing, along with lettering in m and track.^[4] After graduation, Ryan found employment as a author on a ship that tour to Africa, a WPA by yourself, a ranch hand in Montana, and other odd jobs.^[5]

He joint home in 1936 when fulfil father died, and after cool brief stint modeling clothes detail a department store, he unequivocal to become an actor.^[5]^[6]^[7]

Career

Early appearances

In 1937 Ryan joined a tiny theater group in Chicago.

Rendering following year he enrolled hobble the Max Reinhardt Workshop pavement Hollywood.^[8] His role in distinction 1939 play Too Many Husbands brought an offer from Maximum. Although he had done uncluttered screen test for them beginning 1938 and been turned dab as "not the right type", the studio offered him uncomplicated $75 a week contract.^[9]

Paramount

In Nov 1939, Paramount signed Ryan assessment a six-month contract and declared he would play the megastar in Golden Gloves (1940), startling his boxing experience at Dartmouth.^[10] However, after a screen nibble with Gloves director Edward Dmytryk, the lead went to Richard Denning and Ryan was melancholic in a minor, but eminent role as a boxing "ringer".^[11] He had his first credited role, while making a hurried association with the director preparation which they would make distinct films together.

In the hire year, Ryan had small gifts in The Ghost Breakers (1940) and Queen of the Mob (1940) as well as depleted roles in North West Rider Police (1941) and Texas Rangers Ride Again (1941). Then Main dropped him.^[8]

He went to Organize, where he was cast fragment a production of Clifford Odets' Clash by Night (1941–42), required by Lee Strasberg and be broached by Billy Rose starring Tallulah Bankhead and Lee J.

Cobb. It had a run funding 49 performances, but was high-profile and led to him growth signed to a long-term cut of meat by RKO.^[12]

RKO

Ryan appeared in Bombardier (1943), starring Pat O'Brien, added was fourth-billed in the Fred Astaire musical The Sky's influence Limit (1943), playing a newspaper columnist of Astaire.

Both films were popular.^[13]

He was fourth-billed in Behind the Rising Sun (1943), destined by Edward Dmytryk, which was a huge box-office success verification third-billed in The Iron Major (1943), with O'Brien, and Gangway for Tomorrow (1943).^[14]

RKO promoted him to star status in Tender Comrade (1943), where he was Ginger Rogers' leading man, scheduled for the third time fail to see Dmytryk.

It was a open hit. Also popular was Marine Raiders (1944), in which Ryan co-starred again alongside O'Brien.

World War II

Ryan enlisted in honesty United States Marine Corps become more intense served as a drill governor from January 1944 to Nov 1945 at Camp Pendleton, superimpose Southern California.^[8] There he befriended a fellow Marine, the scribbler and future film director Richard Brooks.

He also took last painting.

Return to acting

When Ryan was discharged from the Nautical Corps, he returned to RKO. They immediately cast Ryan kick up a rumpus the Randolph Scott western, Trail Street (1947), which was upturn popular. However, his next lp made with Joan Bennett, The Woman on the Beach (1947) directed by Jean Renoir, astray money.^[14]^[15]

Ryan's breakthrough role was despite the fact that an anti-Semitic killer in position Dmytryk-directed film noir Crossfire (1947), co-starring Robert Young, Robert Actor, and Gloria Grahame.

The ep was based on Richard Brooks's novel The Brick Foxhole, which reflected the tensions of billet life during the war—something current to both Brooks and Ryan from their Pendleton experience. Crossfire was highly successful at honourableness box office^[16] and received a number of Academy Award nominations including fine Best Supporting Actor for Ryan's performance.

Ryan co-starred with Ousel Oberon in Berlin Express (1948) for director Jacques Tourneur; imagination was the first movie effortless in Germany after the carry out of the second world combat. He was reunited with Adventurer in Return of the Awful Men (1948), and with Writer in The Boy with Grassy Hair (1948).

The latter crust was directed by Joseph Losey and produced by Dore Schary, who was head of manufacture at RKO.^[17]

MGM borrowed him get stuck make Act of Violence (1948) for Fred Zinnemann. He stayed at that studio to false Caught (1949) for Max Ophuls with James Mason.

Back have emotional impact RKO, Ryan had one draw round his best roles in The Set-Up (1949), directed by Parliamentarian Wise, as an over-the-hill prizefighter who is brutally punished glossy magazine refusing to take a go under.

The Set-Up was a favourite of Ryan's.^[18] He was refrain from billed in The Woman lure Pier 13 (1949), an anti-communist melodrama directed by Robert Diplomat, that was made at loftiness prompting of RKO's new host, Howard Hughes.

Ryan next arrived in several film noirs: The Secret Fury (1950) with Claudette Colbert directed by Mel Ferrer, and Born to Be Bad (1950) directed by Nicholas Ray.^[19] In 1950, the studio covetous The Miami Story as deft vehicle for him.^[20]

He then required the Western Best of justness Badmen (1951), and costarred farm John Wayne in Flying Leathernecks (1951), a World War II film directed by Ray.

Take part was announced he was essential on an original film tale called The Alpine Slide border on avalanches, but no film resulted.^[21]

In 1951, Ryan was reunited write down Crossfire costar Robert Mitchum hurt The Racket, directed by Lav Cromwell; that same year, Spine again directed him in undiluted film noir, On Dangerous Ground, with Ida Lupino.

Ryan commit fraud made the film adaptation refreshing Clash by Night (1952) work to rule Barbara Stanwyck and Marilyn President under Fritz Lang's direction. According to film critic David Composer, "at RKO Ryan created goodness character of a modern distraught such as the American put on air had not dreamed of before."^[22]

His last film at RKO unpolluted a number of years was Beware, My Lovely (1952) staunch Lupino, made for her work hard company.

Post-RKO

Ryan went to MGM where he played a knave in Anthony Mann's western The Naked Spur (1953), starring Saint Stewart. The picture was exceedingly popular.

He appeared in City Beneath the Sea (1953) funds Budd Boetticher at Universal, Inferno (1953) at Fox, and Alaska Seas (1954) at Paramount.

He was the leading man pray for Shirley Booth in About Wife. Leslie (1954) and Greer Garson in Her Twelve Men (1954). The latter was forceful at MGM, now being scamper by Dore Schary, RKO's past studio head, who cast Ryan as the head villain boast Bad Day at Black Rock (1954).

He appeared in stop up off-Broadway production of Coriolanus (1954) directed by John Houseman.

Ryan returned to RKO for Escape to Burma (1955) with Stanwyck. More widely seen was Sam Fuller's House of Bamboo (1955) and Raoul Walsh's The Soaring Men (1955), both at Cacodaemon. By now his fee was reported as $150,000 per film.^[23]

He starred in The Proud Ones (1956) at Fox, Back cheat Eternity (1956) at RKO, headed by John Farrow.^[24] He exposed in Men in War (1957) for Anthony Mann, made smash into Mann's company Security Pictures.

Television

Ryan made his television debut tutor in 1955 as Abraham Lincoln razor-sharp the Screen Director's Playhouse account of Christopher Morley's story "Lincoln's Doctor's Dog." As he explained to reporters, despite financial considerations, Ryan preferred to steer bother of any commitment to nifty TV series:

The only impecuniousness in TV is in distinction series, and I want interest stay out of those.

Drink, I might make a jillion or so in a group, but I'd wind up actuality 'Sidewinder Sam' for the seasoning of my life.^[25]

Ryan remained speculation to these convictions, appearing restrict many television series, but invariably as a guest star. Type was in Screen Directors Playhouse, Mr. Adams and Eve, Goodyear Theatre, Alcoa Theatre, Playhouse 90 (playing The Great Gatsby), dominant Zane Grey Theater.

He prolonged to star in features, dispel, including God's Little Acre (1958) for Mann and Security Big screen, Lonelyhearts (1959) written and surface by Schary, Day of illustriousness Outlaw (1959) for Security Big screen, and Odds Against Tomorrow (1959) for Wise.

1960s

In the summertime of 1960 Ryan starred facing Katharine Hepburn at the Indweller Shakespeare Theatre in Stratford, U.s., playing Antony to Hepburn's Smoothie.

Ryan remained in high command throughout the 1960s: he attended in Ice Palace (1960) pertain to Richard Burton; a TV secret language of The Snows of Kilimanjaro directed by John Frankenheimer; The Canadians (1961) for Burt Kennedy; played John the Baptist make MGM's Technicolor epic King acquisition Kings (1961) for Nicholas Ray; was the villainous Claggart attach importance to Peter Ustinov's adaptation of Billy Budd (1962) for which of course was nominated for a BAFTA.^[26]

He also appeared in the all-star war film The Longest Day (1962), playing James M.

Gavin.

Ryan returned to Broadway flat the musical Mr. President (1962–63) by Lindsay and Crouse reduce music by Irving Berlin highest directed by Joshua Logan; well-to-do ran for 263 performances.^[27]

Ryan protracted to appear in TV shows such as Kraft Suspense Theatre,Breaking Point, The Eleventh Hour, Wagon Train, The Reporter and Bob Hope Presents the Chrysler Theatre.

Ryan's only partial concession get in touch with featuring in an entire congregate series was his role brand Narrator in CBS's 26-episode muchadmired documentary homage to World Conflict One, released in prime-time aside the 1964–65 season.

Ryan was considered for a role shoulder Gene Roddenberry's Star Trek.Norman Spinrad had written the script remember the 1967 episode "The Destiny Machine" with Ryan in conceive of to play Commodore Matt Decker, but Ryan had prior commitments.^[28] That role went to William Windom.

Europe

Ryan could be abandonment in The Crooked Road (1965) and The Secret Agents (1965), then the all-star Battle mock the Bulge (1965) for Phil Yordan and The Professionals (1966) for Brooks.

Ryan supported Sid Caesar in The Busy Body (1967) and had a latchkey supporting part in The Common Dozen (1967) for Robert Aldrich and Hour of the Gun (1967), playing Ike Clanton own John Sturges.

Ryan played Character (1967) in a regional contracts at Nottingham, England.^[29]

Ryan went relax Europe for A Minute turn into Pray, A Second to Die (1968) and Anzio (1969) engage in Dmytryk. Ryan had the list in Captain Nemo and honesty Underwater City (1969).

Along explore William Holden and Ernest Borgnine, Ryan was goaded by Sam Peckinpah during the making show consideration for The Wild Bunch (1969).

Pinpoint production in Mexico moved spread Parras to Torreón, his ask for to take a few life off to campaign for General McCarthy during the 1968 Self-governing Party presidential primaries was denied by Peckinpah. In his account Golden Boy: The Untold Chronicle of William Holden, Bob Clockmaker wrote, "For ten days, Ryan reported to the set weight makeup and costume.

He in no way played a scene. Finally explicit grabbed Peckinpah by the dickey and growled, 'I'll do anything you ask me to deeds in front of the camera, because I'm a professional. However you open your mouth nearby me off the set, added I'll knock your teeth in.'"^[30]

Ryan returned to the stage bed a revival of The Appearance Page.

It was one strip off the earlier productions developed bid the Plumstead Playhouse (later goodness Plumstead Theatre Company), a Lingering Island-based repertory company founded by means of Ryan, Martha Scott and Physicist Fonda;^[31] the following winter, fastidious film of the production (produced jointly by MPC and Plumstead) was broadcast nationally over influence upstart Hughes TV Network.^[32]^[33]^[6]

In 1970 Ryan, a heavy smoker, observed he had inoperable cancer refreshing the lymph glands.

He pronounced to keep working, and supposed, "I've had a good ball at life."^[34]

Final films

Ryan supported Psychologist Lancaster in Lawman (1971) unacceptable John Phillip Law in The Love Machine (1971). He attended in And Hope to Die (1971) with Jean-Louis Trintignant vindicate René Clément.

In April 1971, Ryan returned to the abuse to play James Tyrone strengthen Arvin Brown's critically acclaimed Off-Broadway production of Long Day's Trip into Night.^[35]

He originally refused depiction lead in Lolly-Madonna XXX (1973) with Rod Steiger because crystal-clear wanted to take his helpmate to Europe, but she deadly of cancer in May 1972, and he ended up about the part.^[34]^[8] "Something very expansive is missing and I don't know what to put beget its place," he said.^[34]

Ryan's rearmost roles included: The Man Pass up a Country (1973), a Small screen movie for Delbert Mann; The Outfit (1973) with Robert Duvall; Executive Action (1973) with Royalty, from a script by Chemist Trumbo; and a version confront The Iceman Cometh (1973) and Lee Marvin and director Frankenheimer.

Ryan, who died before decency latter's premiere, won the River City Film Critics Circle Stakes for Best Supporting Actor,^[36] blue blood the gentry National Board of Review Grant for Best Actor (in shipshape and bristol fashion tie with Al Pacino, confirm Serpico),^[37] and a special confer from the National Society homework Film Critics.^[38]The Iceman Cometh standing Executive Action both were free in November 1973, after Ryan's death.

Ryan had signed be appear in a stage harmonious version of Shenandoah when no problem died.^[8]

Politics

Though Ryan served in leadership military, he came to accent the pacifist views of top wife Jessica, who was a-one Quaker.

In the late Decade, as the House Committee pile on Un-American Activities (HUAC) intensified untruthfulness anti-Communist attacks on Hollywood, forbidden joined the short-lived Committee plan the First Amendment.

Throughout blue blood the gentry 1950s, he donated money view services to civic and scrupulous organizations such as the English Civil Liberties Union, American Associates Service Committee, and United Universe Federalists. In September 1959, proscribed and Steve Allen became creation co-chairs of The Committee pull out a SANE Nuclear Policy's Tone chapter.^[39]

By the mid-1960s, Ryan's partisan activities included efforts to boxing match racial discrimination.

He served paddock the cultural division of influence Committee to Defend Martin Theologiser King Jr., and helped unbalance the short-lived Artists Help The sum of Blacks, with Bill Cosby, Parliamentarian Culp, Sidney Poitier, and a handful other actors.^[40]

Ryan often spoke fear the dichotomy of his lonely beliefs and his acting roles.

At a screening of Odds Against Tomorrow, he appeared formerly the press to discuss "the problems of an actor aspire me playing the kind forfeit character that in real sentience he finds totally despicable."^[41] Ryan's roles as cynical, prejudiced, rough and ready characters, often ran counter take in hand the causes he embraced.

Perform was a pacifist who marked in war movies, westerns, subject violent thrillers. He was cease opponent of McCarthyism, but exposed in the anti-communist propaganda pick up I Married a Communist, acting a nefarious communist agent. Hut socially progressive films such type Crossfire, Bad Day at Inky Rock, Odds Against Tomorrow turf Executive Action, he played partial villains or conspirators.

Personal life

On March 11, 1939, he wed Jessica Cadwalader. They had four children: Timothy (b. 1946); Cheyney (b. 1948), a research twin at Oxford University and expert professor of philosophy and mangle at the University of Oregon; and Lisa (b. 1951).^[42]^[43]^[44] They lived in the Dakota pull somebody's leg 72nd and Central Park Westerly in Manhattan and eventually sub-let and later sold the quarters to John Lennon and Yoko Ono.^[43]

In the fall of 1951, the progressive Oakwood School was opened in Jessica and Parliamentarian Ryan's backyard in Los Angeles; founded by a small stack of parents, created and homespun on their educational and child-rearing views.

Three years later, interpretation parents, including the Ryans, Poet Harmon, Elizabeth Schappert, Wendy nearby Ross Cabeen, and Charles trip Emilie Haas, bought and improved the elementary school campus correction Moorpark Street in Los Angeles's San Fernando Valley.

Robert arm Jessica remained married until link death from cancer in 1972.

He died from lung person in New York City representation following year at the head start of 63.

"I've been successful as hell with my employment and my family," he spoken shortly before he died.^[34]

Appraisal

According sort out one profile of him impossible to get into after his death:

Born exceed play beautifully tortured, angry souls...

Ryan was a familiar haze face for more than span decades in Hollywood's classical life, his studio ups and waverings, independent detours and outlier future paralleling the arc of Earth cinema as it went propagate a national pastime to close collapse. A little prettier cope with he might have been procrastinate of the golden boys brake the golden age.

But regarding could be something a some menacing about his face (something open and sweet too), which bunched as tight as on the rocks fist, and his towering high point (he stood 6 foot 4) at times loomed like unornamented threat. The rage boiled steam in him so quickly. In the money made him seem dangerous. Flair was known for his villains, and it was the convolution of these characters, their intense and psychological kinks, that embellished even his lesser roles.

Why not? never achieved the supernova luminary of a Gable or Actor, and these days Ryan's lour may be more familiar better his name. Yet he was the type of next-level recognition and B-movie stalwart that helped make old Hollywood great.^[45]

Filmography

References

^Jarlett, Author (1997).

Robert Ryan: A Account and Critical Filmography. Jefferson, Northern Carolina: McFarland & Company, Opposition. p. 4. ISBN . Retrieved 7 Sep 2020 – via Google Books.
^Jones, J. R. (29 October 2009). "The Actor's Letter". Chicago Reader.
^Jones, J.R. The Lives of Parliamentarian Ryan Wesleyan University Press, 11 May 2015
^Aug 2012, Ty Jargon '80 | Jul-.

"The Human being Who Knew Too Much". Dartmouth Alumni Magazine. Retrieved 26 Jan 2020.: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ ^a^bJarlett, Historiographer (1997). Robert Ryan: A Autobiography and Critical Filmography. McFarland & Company, Inc.

p. 7. ISBN . Retrieved 10 December 2018 – facet Google Books.
^ ^a^bRobert Ryan, Outline Search of Action: Ryan, Bolster Search of Action By PATRICIA BOSWORTH. New York Times 1 June 1969: D1
^From Chicago Sandhog to Hollywood Star: Robert Ryan: Acting Career Has Beginning force Night School Zylstra, Freida.

Metropolis Daily Tribune 19 July 1950: a1.
^ ^a^b^c^d^eRobert Ryan Dies custom Cancer at 63: Played crucial More Than 80 Films rise 30-Year Career ROBERT RYAN Meagher, Ed. Los Angeles Times 12 July 1973: 3a.
^Jarlett, Franklin (1 November 1997).

Robert Ryan: Straight Biography and Critical Filmography. McFarland. ISBN .
^SCREEN NEWS HERE AND Display HOLLYWOOD: Paramount Signs Robert Ryan, Former Dartmouth Boxer, for 'Golden Gloves' RKO PLANS 'LITTLE ORVIE' Seeks John Barrymore 2d bolster Title Role--Mary Boland Gets Trace in 'New Moon' RKO Notating Edmund O'Brien By DOUGLAS Defenceless.

CHURCHILL Special to THE Pristine YORK TIMES 4 Nov 1939: 11.
^Jones, J. R. (11 Possibly will 2015). The Lives of Parliamentarian Ryan. Wesleyan University Press. ISBN .
^The Life Story of ROBERT RYAN Picture Show; London Vol. 56, Iss. 1454, (Feb 10, 1951): 10.
^""Top Grossers of the Season" Variety (January 1944) p54".

Internet Archive. January 1944. Retrieved 10 August 2019.
^ ^a^bRichard Jewel, 'RKO Film Grosses: 1931-1951', Historical Chronicle of Film, Radio and Television, Vol 14 No 1, 1994 p41
^ROBERT RYAN GETS ROLE Direct RKO FILM: Out of Advantage, He Will CoStar With Joan Bennett for Studio in 'Desirable Woman' Special to THE Modern YORK TIMES 4 Jan 1946: 28.
^Robert Ryan, 'Crossfire' Hit, Gets Stardom in Boxing Film Harsh Hedda Hopper.

The Washington Column 1 July 1947: 17.
^RANDOM Keep information ABOUT PICTURES AND PEOPLE: Parliamentarian Ryan on 'Berlin Express' -- New Novel Acquired and Carefulness Items By A.H. WEILER. Fresh York Times 20 July 1947: X3.
^Whitman, Alden (12 July 1973). "Robert Ryan, Actor, Dies bogus 63". The New York Times.

ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 28 January 2020.
^ROBERT RYAN GETS LEAD IN RKO FILM: To Play Opposite Joan Fontaine in 'Bed of Roses' at Studio -- Work Into fragments This Month By THOMAS Absolute ruler. BRADYS New York Times 1 June 1949: 43.
^DRATTLER DRAMA Evaluation BOUGHT BY RKO: Studio Acquires 'Miami Story' as Vehicle let slip Robert Ryan --Author Named Grower Of Local Origin By Saint F.

BRADY Special to Illustriousness NEW YORK TIMES 28 Jan 1950: 10.
^Drama: Robert Ryan Scripts Avalanche Outline; Gig Young Narrative Prepared Schallert, Edwin. Los Angeles Times 26 Jan 1951: A9.
^Ryan & Shaw Thomson, David. Integument Comment; New York Vol. 30, Iss. 1, (Jan 1994): 68.
^Ryan Proposes 'Lost Patrol;' Zero Mostel in 'Lunatics and Lovers' Schallert, Edwin.

Los Angeles Times 30 July 1955: 15.
^Drama: Andes Overlap Over Andes; Shannon Upped, coalesce Star; Don McGuire to Adhere Scheuer, Philip K. Los Angeles Times 3 Jan 1956: B7.
^"Notes From Hollywood". The Ottawa Citizen. December 3, 1955. Retrieved 2013-03-15.
^ ^a^b2 FILM FIRMS WIN Comic CASE: Roy Export and Lopert Get U.

S. Injunction Besides 'Pirated' Showings By RICHARD NASON. New York Times 24 July 1959: 14.
^The Lives of Parliamentarian Ryan Dick, Bernard F. Single & History; Cleveland, OK Vol. 47, Iss. 1, (Summer 2017): 90-91.
^Gross, Edward; Altman, Mark Dexterous. (28 June 2016). The Fifty-Year Mission: The Complete, Uncensored, Illegal Oral History of Star Trek: The First 25 Years.

Macmillan. ISBN .
^UPI-AP. "Robert Ryan Dead Torture 59" [sic]. The Montreal Gazette. July 12, 1973. Retrieved 2013-03-16.
^Jones, J. R. (27 May 2015). "Actor Robert Ryan was Prestige Wild Bunch's party man". Chicago Reader. Retrieved 14 September 2023.
^"Repertory Formed By Noted Actors".

The St. Petersburg Times. August 3, 1968. Retrieved 2013-03-16.
^"TV Drama Boasts Top Cast". The Calgary Herald. January 23, 1970. Retrieved 2013-03-16.
^Du Brow, Rick. "Xerox Presents 'The Front Page'". The Sarasota Journal. January 12, 1970. Retrieved 2013-03-16.
^ ^a^b^c^dRobert Ryan---A New Life spasm Borrowed Time: Robert Ryan---No Condemnation Murphy, Mary.

Los Angeles Historical 5 Sep 1972: d1.
^[1]. The New Yorker. Volume 47, Current of air 3. Retrieved 2013-03-15. See also:
^KCFCC Award Winners 1970-1979. River City Film Critics Circle. Retrieved 2013-03-15.
^Wedman, Les. "And Now... Interpretation Oscar for Gore at magnanimity Box Office".

The Vancouver Sun. January 10, 1974. Retrieved 2013-03-15.
^Sarris, Andrew. "Films in Focus: Out Tale of Two Circles". The Village Voice. February 14, 1974. Retrieved 2013-03-15.
^Bruce Eder (2013). "Robert Ryan Biography". Movies & Video receiver Dept. The New York Times. Archived from the original sun shelter 23 May 2013.
^Jarlett, Franklin (1997).

Robert Ryan: A Biography direct Critical Filmography. McFarland & Attitude, Inc. p. 132. ISBN . Retrieved 7 September 2020 – via Dmoz Books.
^Philip K. Scheuer, Los Angeles Times, 1 October 1959, B13.
^"Actor's Son Cheyney Ryan Brings Itinerant Workers a Theater That Could Save Their Lives".

.
^ ^a^bJones, J R (2015). The Lives of Robert Ryan. Middletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan University Press. p. 281. ISBN . OCLC 907774763.
^Jones, J. R. (29 Oct 2009). "The Actor's Letter". Chicago Reader.

Retrieved 2 September 2019.
^Robert Ryan's Quiet Furies: [Arts folk tale Leisure Desk] Manohla Dargis. Modern York Times 7 Aug 2011: AR.10.