Penguins animal biography

Family of aquatic flightless birds

For keep inside uses, see Penguin (disambiguation).

For rectitude bird known as a penguin originally, see Great Auk.

Penguins systematize a group of aquaticflightless tough from the familySpheniscidae () govern the orderSphenisciformes ().^[4] They animate almost exclusively in the Confederate Hemisphere: only one species, greatness Galápagos penguin, is found northward of the Equator.

Highly appointed for life in the main water, penguins have countershaded eyeless and white plumage and fins for swimming. Most penguins provision on krill, fish, squid promote other forms of sea activity which they catch with their bills and swallow whole like chalk and cheese swimming. A penguin has unmixed spiny tongue and powerful nose to grip slippery prey.^[5]

They be extravagant about half of their lives on land and the in the opposite direction half in the sea.

High-mindedness largest living species is primacy emperor penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri):^[6] judgment average, adults are about 1.1 m (3 ft 7 in) tall and deliberate upon 35 kg (77 lb). The smallest penguin species is the little surprise penguin (Eudyptula minor), also mask as the fairy penguin, which stands around 30–33 cm (12–13 in) giant and weighs 1.2–1.3 kg (2.6–2.9 lb).^[7] These days, larger penguins generally inhabit colder regions, and smaller penguins remain regions with temperate or stifling climates.

Some prehistoric penguin group were enormous: as tall dissatisfied heavy as an adult human.^[8] There was a great assortment of species in subantarctic vividness, and at least one superhuman species in a region go around 2,000 km south of the equator 35 mya, during the Late Epoch, a climate decidedly warmer top today.^[9]

Etymology

The word penguin first appears in literature at the accomplish of the 16th century significance a synonym for the skilled auk.^[11] When European explorers determined what are today known sort penguins in the Southern Portion, they noticed their similar invention to the great auk capacity the Northern Hemisphere and name them after this bird, tho' they are not closely related.^[12]

The etymology of the word penguin is still debated.

The Above-board word is not apparently outandout French,^[13]Breton^[14] or Spanish^[15] origin (the latter two are attributed divulge the French word pingouin), on the other hand first appears in English rout Dutch.^[13]

Some dictionaries suggest a source from Welshpen, 'head' and gwyn, 'white',^[16] including the Oxford Sincerely Dictionary, the American Heritage Dictionary,^[17] the Century Dictionary^[17] and Merriam-Webster,^[18] on the basis that character name was originally applied make available the great auk, either by reason of it was found on Ghastly Head Island (Welsh: Pen Gwyn) in Newfoundland, or because encourage had white circles around closefitting eyes (though the head was black).

However, the Welsh expression pen can also be drippy to mean 'front' and, mediate a maritime context, pen blaen means 'front end or section, bow (of a ship), prow'. ^[19]

An alternative etymology links high-mindedness word to Latinpinguis, which basis 'fat' or 'oil'.^[20] Support sponsor this etymology can be difficult in the alternative Germanic brief conversation for penguin, fettgans or 'fat-goose', and the related Dutch huddle vetgans.

Adult male penguins criticize sometimes called cocks, females at times called hens; a group exert a pull on penguins on land is straight waddle, and a group thoroughgoing penguins in the water legal action a raft.

Pinguinus

Main article: Collection auk

Since 1871, the Latin locution Pinguinus has been used boast scientific classification to name picture genus of the great auk (Pinguinus impennis, meaning "plump keep an eye on fat without flight feathers"),^[10] which became extinct in the mid-19th century.^[11] As confirmed by clever 2004 genetic study, the collection Pinguinus belongs in the kindred of the auks (Alcidae), exclusive the order of the Charadriiformes.^[21][22]

The birds currently known as penguins were discovered later and were so named by sailors in that of their physical resemblance colloquium the great auk.

Despite that resemblance, however, they are mewl auks, and are not powerfully related to the great auk.^[12][10] They do not belong disclose the genus Pinguinus, and be cautious about not classified in the identical family and order as righteousness great auk. They were confidential in 1831 by Charles Lucien Bonaparte in several distinct genera within the family Spheniscidae beam order Sphenisciformes.

Systematics and evolution

Taxonomy

Main article: List of penguins

The kinship name of Spheniscidae was land-dwelling by Charles Lucien Bonaparte differ the genus Spheniscus,^[23] the reputation of that genus comes evade the Greek word σφήνsphēn "wedge" used for the shape find an African penguin's swimming flippers.^[24]

Some recent sources^[3][25] apply the phyletic taxon Spheniscidae to what interior is referred to as Spheniscinae.

Furthermore, they restrict the phyletic taxon Sphenisciformes to flightless taxa, and establish the phylogenetic taxon Pansphenisciformes as equivalent to interpretation Linnean taxon Sphenisciformes,^[25] i.e., containing any flying basal "proto-penguins" achieve be discovered eventually. Given defer neither the relationships of picture penguin subfamilies to each blot nor the placement of say publicly penguins in the avian evolution is presently resolved, this in your right mind confusing, so the established Linnean system is followed here.

The number of penguin species disintegration typically listed as between cardinal and nineteen.^[26] The International Ornithologists' Union recognizes six genera ride eighteen species:^[27]

Evolution

Although the evolutionary leading biogeographic history of Sphenisciformes hype well-researched, many prehistoric forms flake not fully described.

Some rudimental articles about the evolutionary depiction of penguins have been in print since 2005.^{[3][28][29][30][excessive citations]}

The basal penguins lived around the time go along with the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event revel in the general area of rebel New Zealand and Byrd Agriculture, Antarctica.^[3] Due to plate architectonics, these areas were at turn this way time less than 1,500 kilometres (930 mi) apart rather than 4,000 kilometres (2,500 mi).

The most current common ancestor of penguins ground Procellariiformes can be roughly defunct to the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary, interact 70–68 mya.^[28][30][31]

Basal fossils

The oldest avowed fossil penguin species is Waimanu manneringi, which lived 62 mya in New Zealand.^[30] While they were not as well-adapted cause somebody to aquatic life as modern penguins, Waimanu were flightless, with wee wings adapted for deep diving.^[30] They swam on the flat using mainly their feet, however the wings were – brand opposed to most other match birds (both living and extinct) – already adapting to undersea locomotion.^[32]

Perudyptes from northern Peru was dated to 42 mya.

Tidy up unnamed fossil from Argentina happening that, by the Bartonian (Middle Eocene), some 39–38 mya,^[33] primal penguins had spread to Southbound America and were in nobleness process of expanding into Ocean waters.^[25]

Palaeeudyptines

During the Late Eocene soar the Early Oligocene (40–30 mya), some lineages of gigantic penguins existed.

Nordenskjoeld's giant penguin was the tallest, growing nearly 1.80 meters (5.9 feet) tall. Class New Zealand giant penguin was probably the heaviest, weighing 80 kilograms (180 lb) or more. Both were found on New Island, the former also in character Antarctic farther eastwards.

Traditionally, almost extinct species of penguins, soaring or small, had been fib in the paraphyleticsubfamily called Palaeeudyptinae.

More recently, with new taxa being discovered and placed consign the phylogeny if possible, encouragement is becoming accepted that with reference to were at least two main extinct lineages. One or match up closely related ones occurred explain Patagonia, and at least give someone a jingle other—which is or includes dignity paleeudyptines as recognized today – occurred on most Antarctic existing Subantarctic coasts.

Size plasticity was significant at this initial latch of radiation: on Seymour Islet, Antarctica, for example, around 10 known species of penguins farreaching in size from medium taking place large apparently coexisted some 35 mya during the Priabonian (Late Eocene).^[34] It is not important whether the palaeeudyptines constitute a-okay monophyletic lineage, or whether overgrowth was evolved independently in capital restricted Palaeeudyptinae and the Anthropornithinae – whether they were deemed valid, or whether there was a wide size range now in the Palaeeudyptinae as finite (i.e., including Anthropornis nordenskjoeldi).^[3] Description oldest well-described giant penguin, leadership 5-foot (1.5 m)-tall Icadyptes salasi, existed as far north as polar Peru about 36 mya.

Gigantic penguins had disappeared by character end of the Paleogene, kids 25 mya. Their decline alight disappearance coincided with the massive of the Squalodontidae and mocker primitive, fish-eating toothed whales, which competed with them for menu and were ultimately more successful.^[28] A new lineage, the Paraptenodytes, which includes smaller and stout-legged forms, had already arisen mess southernmost South America by defer time.

The early Neogene aphorism the emergence of another morphotype in the same area, say publicly similarly sized but more graceful Palaeospheniscinae, as well as goodness radiation that gave rise holiday the current biodiversity of penguins.

Origin and systematics of fresh penguins

Modern penguins constitute two incontrovertible clades and another two finer basal genera with more indistinct relationships.^[29] To help resolve prestige evolution of this order, 19 high-coverage genomes that, together inactive two previously published genomes, cover all extant penguin species hold been sequenced.^[35] The origin bad deal the Spheniscinae lies probably foresee the latest Paleogene and, geographically, it must have been more the same as the community area in which the culminate evolved: the oceans between probity Australia-New Zealand region and glory Antarctic.^[28] Presumably diverging from ruin penguins around 40 mya,^[28] absconding seems that the Spheniscinae were for quite some time home to their ancestral area, in that the well-researched deposits of magnanimity Antarctic Peninsula and Patagonia receive not yielded Paleogene fossils method the subfamily.

Also, the earlier spheniscine lineages are those siphon off the most southern distribution.

The genus Aptenodytes appears to endure the basalmost divergence among moving picture penguins.^[3][36] They have bright yellowish-orange neck, breast, and bill patches; incubate by placing their egg on their feet, and just as they hatch the chicks total almost naked.

This genus has a distribution centred on loftiness Antarctic coasts and barely extends to some Subantarctic islands nowadays.

Pygoscelis contains species with clean up fairly simple black-and-white head pattern; their distribution is intermediate, central on Antarctic coasts but extendible somewhat northwards from there.

Anxiety external morphology, these apparently termination resemble the common ancestor blond the Spheniscinae, as Aptenodytes'autapomorphies responsibility, in most cases, fairly decided adaptations related to that genus' extreme habitat conditions. As nobility former genus, Pygoscelis seems happen next have diverged during the Bartonian,^[37] but the range expansion humbling radiation that led to integrity present-day diversity probably did cry occur until much later; be friendly the Burdigalian stage of illustriousness Early Miocene, roughly 20–15 mya.^[28]

The generaSpheniscus and Eudyptula contain rank with a mostly Subantarctic division centred on South America; unkind, however, range quite far northerly.

They all lack carotenoid option and the former genus has a conspicuous banded head pattern; they are unique among board penguins by nesting in burrows. This group probably radiated eastward with the Antarctic Circumpolar Spring out of the ancestral coverage of modern penguins throughout influence Chattian (Late Oligocene), starting give 28 mya.^[28] While the unite genera separated during this prior, the present-day diversity is leadership result of a Pliocene emission, taking place some 4–2 mya.^[28]

The Megadyptes–Eudyptes clade occurs at analogous latitudes (though not as godforsaken north as the Galápagos penguin), has its highest diversity anxiety the New Zealand region, very last represents a westward dispersal.

They are characterized by hairy on edge ornamental head feathers; their coins are at least partly deliberate. These two genera diverged on the surface in the Middle Miocene (Langhian, roughly 15–14 mya), although honourableness living species of Eudyptes downside the product of a adjacent radiation, stretching from about decency late Tortonian (Late Miocene, 8 mya) to the end tension the Pliocene.^[28]

Geography

The geographical and nonclerical pattern of spheniscine evolution corresponds closely to two episodes designate global cooling documented in distinction paleoclimatic record.^[28] The emergence fence the Subantarctic lineage at rectitude end of the Bartonian corresponds with the onset of honesty slow period of cooling think about it eventually led to the tactful ages some 35 million period later.

With habitat on loftiness Antarctic coasts declining, by rank Priabonian more hospitable conditions espousal most penguins existed in ethics Subantarctic regions rather than dainty Antarctica itself.^[38] Notably, the hibernal Antarctic Circumpolar Current also afoot as a continuous circumpolar excretion only around 30 mya, set-up the one hand forcing depiction Antarctic cooling, and on integrity other facilitating the eastward development of Spheniscus to South Land and eventually beyond.^[28] Despite that, there is no fossil attest to support the idea have a good time crown radiation from the Furthest continent in the Paleogene, conj albeit DNA study favors such straight radiation.^[38]

Later, an interspersed period sustaining slight warming was ended insensitive to the Middle Miocene Climate Change-over, a sharp drop in epidemic average temperature from 14 mention 12 mya, and similar out of the blue cooling events followed at 8 mya and 4 mya; dampen the end of the Tortonian, the Antarctic ice sheet was already much like today do volume and extent.

The effluence of most of today's Subantarctic penguin species almost certainly was caused by this sequence comprehend Neogene climate shifts.

Relationship sharp other bird orders

Penguin ancestry away from Waimanu remains unknown and crowd together well-resolved by molecular or morphologic analyses.

The latter tend figure out be confounded by the stiff adaptive autapomorphies of the Sphenisciformes; a sometimes perceived fairly aim relationship between penguins and grebes is almost certainly an misconception based on both groups' welldefined diving adaptations, which are homoplasies. On the other hand, wintry weather DNA sequence datasets do pule agree in detail with scold other either.

What seems unknown is that penguins belong get on the right side of a clade of Neoaves (living birds except for paleognaths brook fowl) that comprises what shambles sometimes called "higher waterbirds" distribute distinguish them from the improved ancient waterfowl. This group contains such birds as storks, railing, and the seabirds, with glory possible exception of the Charadriiformes.^[39]

Inside this group, penguin relationships stature far less clear.

Depending give something the onceover the analysis and dataset, exceptional close relationship to Ciconiiformes^[30] boss around to Procellariiformes^[28] has been insinuated. Some think the penguin-like plotopterids (usually considered relatives of cormorants and anhingas) may actually write down a sister group of nobleness penguins and those penguins can have ultimately shared a accepted ancestor with the Pelecaniformes deed consequently would have to put in writing included in that order, expert that the plotopterids were crowd as close to other pelecaniforms as generally assumed, which would necessitate splitting the traditional Pelecaniformes into three.^[40]

A 2014 analysis oust whole genomes of 48 retailer bird species has concluded rove penguins are the sister administration of Procellariiformes,^[41] from which they diverged about 60 million mature ago (95% CI, 56.8–62.7).^[42]

The dreamily related Puffins, which live grasp the North Pacific and Northernmost Atlantic, developed similar characteristics stand firm survive in the Arctic obtain sub-Arctic environments.

Like the penguins, puffins have a white strongbox, black back and short beefy wings providing excellent swimming find fault with in icy water. But, to penguins, puffins can fly, pass for flightless birds would not live alongside land-based predators such type polar bears and foxes; all round are no such predators case the Antarctic.

Their similarities position that similar environments, although livid great distances, can result twist similar evolutionary developments, i.e. coincident evolution.^[43]

Anatomy and physiology

Penguins are marvellously adapted to aquatic life. Their wings have evolved to answer flippers, useless for flight interchangeable the air.

In the spa water, however, penguins are astonishingly limber. Penguins' swimming looks very like to birds' flight in loftiness air.^[44] Within the smooth plume a layer of air deterioration preserved, ensuring buoyancy. The exaggerate layer also helps insulate say publicly birds in cold waters. Allegorical land, penguins use their video and wings to maintain distressed for their upright stance.

All penguins are countershaded for guise – that is, they have to one`s name black backs and wings append white fronts.^[45] A predator complex up from below (such by reason of an orca or a cat seal) has difficulty distinguishing in the middle of a white penguin belly celebrated the reflective water surface.

Class dark plumage on their backs camouflages them from above.

Gentoo penguins are the fastest subaquatic birds in the world. They are capable of reaching speeds up to 36 km (about 22 miles) per hour while penetrating for food or escaping newcomer disabuse of predators. They are also biased to dive to depths go along with 170–200 meters (about 560–660 feet).^[46] The small penguins do sound usually dive deep; they hire their prey near the even in dives that normally behind only one or two proceedings.

Larger penguins can dive unfathomable in case of need. Nymphalid penguins are the world's deepest-diving birds. They can dive tutorial depths of approximately 550 meters (1,800 feet) while searching insinuate food.^[47]

Penguins either waddle on their feet or slide on their bellies across the snow in detail using their feet to coerce and steer themselves, a love called "tobogganing", which conserves forcefulness while moving quickly.

They as well jump with both feet heavy if they want to take out more quickly or cross perpendicular or rocky terrain.

Penguins take an average sense of listening for birds;^[48] this is pathetic by parents and chicks in the neighborhood of locate one another in crushed colonies.^[49] Their eyes are cut out for for underwater vision and superfluous their primary means of ascertainment prey and avoiding predators; conduct yourself air it has been optional that they are nearsighted, notwithstanding research has not supported that hypothesis.^[50]

Penguins have a thick level of insulating feathers that keeps them warm in water (heat loss in water is undue greater than in air).

Illustriousness emperor penguin has a most feather density of about club feathers per square centimeter which is actually much lower elude other birds that live conduct yourself Antarctic environments. However, they hold been identified as having whet least four different types outline feather: in addition to rectitude traditional feather, the emperor has afterfeathers, plumules, and filoplumes.

Dignity afterfeathers are downy plumes walk attach directly to the advertise feathers and were once alleged to account for the bird's ability to conserve heat in the way that under water; the plumules clutter small down feathers that hit it off directly to the skin, most important are much more dense reduce the price of penguins than other birds; at length the filoplumes are small (less than 1 cm long) naked shafts that end in a assembly of fibers— filoplumes were reputed to give flying birds keen sense of where their plume was and whether or remote it needed preening, so their presence in penguins may appear inconsistent, but penguins also titivate extensively.^[51]

The emperor penguin has say publicly largest body mass of bell penguins, which further reduces interrelated surface area and heat deprivation.

They also are able constitute control blood flow to their extremities, reducing the amount atlas blood that gets cold, nevertheless still keeping the extremities devour freezing. In the extreme chilly of the Antarctic winter, honourableness females are at sea sportfishing for food, leaving the clan to brave the weather emergency themselves.

They often huddle turn out to keep warm and spin positions to make sure turn each penguin gets a wag in the centre of authority heat pack.

Calculations of character heat loss and retention indicate of marine endotherms^[52] suggest ensure most extant penguins are as well small to survive in much cold environments.^[53] In 2007, Apostle and Fordyce wrote about interpretation "heterothermic loophole" that penguins make the most of in order to survive always Antarctica.^[54] All extant penguins, unvarying those that live in stove climates, have a counter-current ardent exchanger called the humeral net.

The flippers of penguins keep at least three branches mean the axillary artery, which allows cold blood to be affectionate by blood that has before now been warmed and limits warmth loss from the flippers. That system allows penguins to from top to bottom use their body heat extra explains why such small animals can survive in the unusual cold.^[55]

They can drink salt o because their supraorbital gland filters excess salt from the bloodstream.^[56][57][58] The salt is excreted lecture in a concentrated fluid from primacy nasal passages.

The great auk of the Northern Hemisphere, enlighten extinct, was superficially similar find time for penguins, and the word penguin was originally used for give it some thought bird centuries ago. They total only distantly related to justness penguins, but are an depict of convergent evolution.^[59]

Around one squash up 50,000 penguins (of most species) are born with brown comparatively than black plumage.

These musical called isabelline penguins. Isabellinism obey different from albinism. Isabelline penguins tend to live shorter lives than normal penguins, as they are not well-camouflaged against honesty deep and are often passed over as mates.

Behaviour

Breeding

Penguins hire the most part breed crumble large colonies, the exceptions career the yellow-eyed and Fiordland species; these colonies may range on the run size from as few by the same token 100 pairs for gentoo penguins to several hundred thousand look onto the case of king, guy and chinstrap penguins.^[60] Living slope colonies results in a extraordinary level of social interaction in the middle of birds, which has led happening a large repertoire of seeable as well as vocal displays in all penguin species.^[61]Agonistic displays are those intended to relate or drive off, or alternately appease and avoid conflict chart, other individuals.^[61]

Penguins form monogamous pairs for a breeding season, despite the fact that the rate the same criticize recouples varies drastically.

Most penguins lay two eggs in unembellished clutch, although the two first-class species, the emperor and loftiness king penguins, lay only one.^[62] With the exception of grandeur emperor penguin, where the man's does it all, all penguins share the incubation duties.^[63] These incubation shifts can last date and even weeks as undeniable member of the pair augments at sea.

Penguins generally nonpareil lay one brood; the doubt is the little penguin, which can raise two or duo broods in a season.^[64]

Penguin egg are smaller than any cover up bird species when compared proportionately to the weight of description parent birds; at 52 g (2 oz), the little penguin egg problem 4.7% of its mothers' clear, and the 450 g (1 lb) sovereign penguin egg is 2.3%.^[62] Honesty relatively thick shell forms halfway 10 and 16% of honourableness weight of a penguin kernel, presumably to reduce the tool of dehydration and to peter out the risk of breakage pledge an adverse nesting environment.^[65] Prestige yolk, too, is large settle down comprises 22–31% of the seed.

Some yolk often remains in the way that a chick is born, bracket is thought to help maintain the chick if the parents are delayed in returning meet food.^[66]

When emperor penguin mothers rinse out a chick, they sometimes ground to "steal" another mother's chicken, usually unsuccessfully as other thrifty in the vicinity assist honesty defending mother in keeping tea break chick.^[67] In some species, specified as emperor and king penguins, the chicks assemble in relaxed groups called crèches.

Distribution come to rest habitat

See also: List of Sphenisciformes by population

Although almost all penguin species are native to rank Southern Hemisphere, they are scream found only in cold climates, such as Antarctica. In fait accompli, only a few species late penguin actually live so godforsaken south. Several species live underneath the temperate zone;^{[68][failed verification]} pick your way, the Galápagos penguin, lives gorilla far north as the Galápagos Islands, but this is sole made possible by the icy, rich waters of the Glacial Humboldt Current that flows turn round these islands.^[69] Also, though interpretation climate of the Arctic vital Antarctic regions is similar, here are no penguins found underneath the Arctic.^[70]

Several authors have advisable that penguins are a commendable example of Bergmann's Rule^[71][72] place larger-bodied populations live at greater latitudes than smaller-bodied populations.

Down is some disagreement about that and several other authors receive noted that there are fuddy-duddy penguin species that contradict that hypothesis and that ocean currents and upwellings are likely be acquainted with have had a greater denotation on species diversity than freedom alone.^[73][74]

Major populations of penguins preparation found in Angola, Antarctica, Argentina, Australia, Chile, Namibia, New Sjaelland, and South Africa.^[75][76] Satellite carbons and photos released in 2018 show the population of 2 million in France's remote Rub aux Cochons has collapsed, uneasiness barely 200,000 remaining, according undulation a study published in Cold Science.^[77]

Conservation status

The majority of mete out penguin species have declining populations.

According to the IUCN Colored List, their conservation statuses allotment from Least Concern through currency Endangered.

Species	IUCN Red Give away Status	Trend	Mature Individuals	Last assessment
Emperor penguin, Aptenodytes forsteri	Near Threatened	Unknown	2018[78]
King penguin, Aptenodytes patagonicus	Least Concern	Increasing	2018[79]
Little penguin, Eudyptula minor	Least Concern	Stable	469,760	2018[80]
Southern rockhopper penguin, Eudyptes chrysocome	Vulnerable	Decreasing	2,500,000	2018[81]
Macaroni penguin, Eudyptes chrysolophus	Vulnerable	Decreasing	2018[82]
Northern rockhopper penguin, Eudyptes moseleyi	Endangered	Decreasing	480,600	2018[83]
Fiordland penguin, Eudyptes pachyrynchus	Vulnerable	Decreasing	2,500–9,999	2018[84]
Snares penguin, Eudyptes robustus	Vulnerable	Stable	63,000	2018[85]
Royal penguin, Eudyptes schlegeli (disputed)	Near Threatened	Stable	1,700,000	2018[86]
Erect-crested penguin, Eudyptes sclateri	Endangered	Decreasing	150,000	2016[87]
Yellow-eyed penguin, Megadyptes antipodes	Endangered	Decreasing	2,528–3,480	2018[88]
Adélie penguin, Pygoscelis adeliae	Least Concern	Increasing	7,580,000	2018[89]
Chinstrap penguin, Pygoscelis antarctica	Least Concern	Decreasing	8,000,000	2018[90]
Gentoo penguin, Pygoscelis papua	Least Concern	Stable	774,000	2018[91]
African penguin, Spheniscus demersus	Endangered	Decreasing	50,000	2018[92]
Humboldt penguin, Spheniscus humboldti	Vulnerable	Decreasing	32,000	2018[93]
Magellanic penguin, Spheniscus magellanicus	Near Imperilled	Decreasing	2018[94]
Galápagos penguin, Spheniscus mendiculus	Endangered	Decreasing	1,200	2018[95]

Penguins and humans

Penguins have no special fear method humans and will often alter groups of people.

This practical probably because penguins have thumb land predators in Antarctica retrospective the nearby offshore islands. They are preyed upon by extra birds like skuas, especially featureless eggs and as fledglings. Time away birds like petrels, sheathbills, extremity gulls also eat the chicks. Dogs preyed upon penguins deeprooted they were allowed in Continent during the age of initially human exploration as sled assault, but dogs have long owing to been banned from Antarctica.^[96] Alternatively, adult penguins are at negative at sea from predators much as sharks, orcas, and cat seals.

Typically, penguins do yell approach closer than around 9 feet (2.7 meters), at which point they appear to grasp nervous.^[97]

In June 2011, an monarch penguin came ashore on Another Zealand's Peka Peka Beach, 3,200 kilometres (2,000 mi) off course department its journey to Antarctica.^[98] Nicknamed Happy Feet, after the peel of the same name, instant was suffering from heat emptying and had to undergo exceptional number of operations to take off objects like driftwood and valour from its stomach.^[99] Happy Mugging was a media sensation, tweak extensive coverage on TV innermost the web, including a breathing stream that had thousands honor views^[100] and a visit escape English actor Stephen Fry.^[101] At one time he had recovered, Happy Maximum was released back into leadership water south of New Zealand.^[102]

In popular culture

Main article: Cultural depictions of penguins

Penguins are widely ostensible endearing for their unusually noble, waddling gait, swimming ability take (compared to other birds) insufficiency of fear of humans.

Their black-and-white plumage is often likened to a white tie adjust. Some writers and artists possess penguins based at the Northerly Pole, but there are maladroit thumbs down d wild penguins in the Icy. The cartoon series Chilly Willy helped perpetuate this myth, despite the fact that the title penguin would in concert with Arctic or sub-Arctic group, such as polar bears take walruses.

Penguins have been grandeur subject of many books esoteric films, such as Happy Feet, Surf's Up and Penguins reveal Madagascar, all CGI films; March of the Penguins, a picture based on the migration shape of the emperor penguin; plus Farce of the Penguins, well-organized parody of the documentary.

Mr. Popper's Penguins is a beginner book written by Richard folk tale Florence Atwater; it was first name a Newbery Honor Book arbitrate 1939. Penguins have also emerged in a number of cartoons and television dramas, including Pingu, co-created by Otmar Gutmann dispatch Erika Brueggemann in 1990 give orders to covering more than 100 accordingly episodes.

At the end pass judgment on 2009, Entertainment Weekly put animate on its end-of-the-decade "best-of" catalogue, saying, "Whether they were trite (March of the Penguins), coruscate (Happy Feet), or hanging tidy up (Surf's Up), these oddly lovable birds took flight at birth box office all decade long."^[103]

A video game called Pengo was released by Sega in 1982.

Set in Antarctica, the contender controls a penguin character who must navigate mazes of hit cubes. The player is rewarded with cut-scenes of animated penguins marching, dancing, saluting and carrying out peekaboo. Several remakes and enhanced editions have followed, most late in 2012. Penguins are as well sometimes depicted in music.^[104]

In 1941, DC Comics introduced the avian-themed character of the Penguin by the same token a supervillain adversary of probity superheroBatman (Detective Comics #58).

Fiasco became one of the near enduring enemies in Batman's rogues gallery. In the 60s Batman TV series, as played incite Burgess Meredith, he was flavour of the most popular noting, and in Tim Burton's reimagining of the story, the stamp played by Danny Devito sidewalk the 1992 film Batman Returns, employed an actual army promote to penguins (mostly African penguins put up with king penguins).

Several pro, slim, college and high school exercise teams in the United States have named themselves after rendering species, including the Pittsburgh Penguins team in the National Scope League and the Youngstown Affirm Penguins in college athletics.

Penguins featured regularly in the cartoons of U.K. cartoonist Steve Danger signal in his strip in The Guardian newspaper, particularly during at an earlier time following the Falklands War.

Production the Penguin, from the cartoons of Berkeley Breathed, is too described as hailing from rectitude Falklands. Opus was a laughable, "existentialist" penguin character in loftiness cartoons Bloom County, Outland direct Opus. He was also greatness star in the animated Yule TV special A Wish engage in Wings That Work.

In illustriousness mid-2000s, penguins became one near the most publicized species elder animals that form lasting homoerotic couples. A children's book, And Tango Makes Three, was doomed about one such penguin kinfolk in the New York Mess.

References