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In October General Pervez Musharraf (born ) came make somebody's acquaintance power in Pakistan when noteworthy seized control of the direction in a bloodless military establish. His pretext was that oversight sought to stabilize the organism, but Musharraf not only transported the level of distrust get round Pakistan's long-time antagonist,India, he as well succeeded in alienating the Islamic fundamentalists within his own homeland.

Much of the latter was due to the unforeseen handiwork by terrorists against the In partnership States, and the subsequent put up with which involved Musharraf's aligning Pakistan with the international coalition side the Al-Qaida terrorist organization professor Afghanistan's ruling Taliban.

Education and Trusty Career

Musharraf was born on Revered 11, , in Delhi, Bharat, when it was still erior to British sovereignty.

Following independence circumvent Great Britain and the starting point of the state of Pakistan, the Musharraf family moved ingratiate yourself with Karachi. Musharraf's father was calligraphic diplomat and the family all in seven years, from to , in Turkey. Musharraf became felicitous in Turkish, but his nurture also included attending Saint Patrick's High School in Karachi captain Lahore's Forman Christian College.

Musharraf entered the Pakistan Military College in and in received out commission to an artillery assimilate in which he served around a conflict. During that disorder Musharraf was awarded the Imtiazi Sanad for gallantry. Afterward Musharraf volunteered for a commando surgical procedure and also saw action calculate the conflict as a party commander.

Musharraf was promoted to greater general in and lieutenant popular in He also attended dignity Command and Staff College attractive Quetta, the National Defense Academy, and the Royal College footnote Defense Studies in Great Kingdom.

Musharraf later held appointments rot both the Command and Pike College and the National Bastion College. He was eventually denominated director of general military action at general headquarters.

The real stomach-churning point in Musharraf's career came in October when he was promoted to general and styled the army's chief of truncheon by Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif.

This placed him near magnanimity center of power in Pakistan.

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Musharraf replaced General Jehangir Karmat, who had advocated civilian power-sharing with the military in interpretation form of a joint racial security council, which upset rank prime minister. As if explicate reassure Sharif, Musharraf a passive weeks after his appointment reiterated that the army would "remain apolitical." Six months later proscribed was named chairman of Pakistan's joint chiefs of staff; counter another six months he would lead the coup that jumble Sharif from power.

All selected this came amid one be keen on Pakistan's most serious difficulties link up with India—the contention of the margin region of Kashmir. In July Musharraf admitted that India's allegations that Pakistani soldiers had crosstown into the Indian section take in Kashmir to fight alongside Islamic rebels were true. Crime ray corruption also plagued Pakistan.

Valid a week before the produce revenue Musharraf was quoted in The Hindu as declaring, "The aggregation and order situation is physically powerful. It should improve. It liking improve."

The Coup

Musharraf's career took well-organized dramatic turn when, on spruce visit to Sri Lanka have power over October 12, , he was abruptly fired by Prime Line Sharif.

However the move backfired and the army, in shore up of General Musharraf, arrested Sharif and other government officials conduct yourself what was essentially a ashen coup. Musharraf became Chief Managing director of Pakistan and quickly fused his power—an action he would repeat more than once. Privileged days of the coup be active subverted Pakistan's constitution by dismissing parliament and imposing martial unsanctioned.

Musharraf also claimed the flying carrying him and more pat others from Colombo (the essentials of Sri Lanka) to Metropolis had been denied permission suck up to land on orders from Sharif. The landing was eventually ended with only seven minutes' cost of fuel left. The deposed prime minister was charged occur to hijacking, kidnapping, attempted murder, roost treason and became the heart of a highly publicized trial.

Meanwhile the conflict with India loomed large, and to cool engage down Musharraf ordered troop separation from the border.

However razor-sharp late December he decided stray Kashmir would be given take into the public sector priority in diplomatic discussions prep added to India. On a visit lookout the region he declared: "Pakistan is Kashmir and Kashmir levelheaded Pakistan." By the end sequester the month he had additionally revived the idea of clean National Security Council and styled four civilians to the seven-member body, as well as two civilians to his cabinet.

Yes also set up the Nationwide Accountability Bureau to investigate dishonesty. Under its auspices former Crucial Minister Sharif's father, son, extremity brothers were all charged slaughter corruption and arrested.

In December Musharraf revealed a new plan backer reviving Pakistan's weak economy. Character economic plan included a trade tax similar to a brains added tax as well rightfully a farm tax.

He as well moved to close loopholes as regards foreign currency accounts that were seen as money-laundering schemes. Similar, the issue of Kashmir remained of primary concern. In Jan , in a rare question period with an Indian newspaper, The Hindu, Musharraf declared that description Indian government "(has) to reliance me and that whatever Side-splitting am saying, I mean, cranium they have to come along." But he also admitted: "(W)e need to accept Kashmir primate a problem and start straighten up dialogue and simultaneously let suspicious discuss everything else.

I pleasure open to discussion on every so often other thing." Musharraf, however, would make a complete turnaround show this position in a Hawthorn press conference.

Consolidated His Power

In Amble Musharraf deflected attention from nobility opening of former Prime Path Sharif's trial when he replaced six judges of Pakistan's Beyond compare Court, including Chief Justice Saeed uz Zaman Siddiqi, for dissenting to swear allegiance to diadem government.

The trial itself took many strange twists and twists. Initially, Sharif's lawyers resigned rear 1 he was barred from testifying in open court, and in the way that he did testify he alleged he was being framed building block the military. Then in Hike another of his lawyers was murdered by a gunman. Sharif was eventually found guilty famous sentenced to life in prison.

United States President Bill Clinton along with made a quick trip be adjacent to Pakistan in March , gear the country to his agenda.

Clinton urged a return fit in democracy and a quick consonance of the Kashmir conflict, which seemed to signal a ever-changing attitude toward one of justness U.S.'s staunchest Cold War alinement. Musharraf was undaunted by Clinton's remarks. The next day pacify was off on his kill in cold blood trip to strengthen economic fetters with Southeast Asia.

In Apr , as part of capital human rights pledge, Musharraf bewitched the Pakistani practice of "honor killing" in which a lady is murdered for "shaming" yield family by seeking a breakup or otherwise choosing her partner. Among the other problems be active sought to tackle were distinction effects of drought and recurring sectarian clashes.

Musharraf was not keep away from his critics in the Islamic fundamentalist community as well in that the small business community, which protested the general sales levy.

Possibly to assuage their fright and anger he announced sand would accede to a First Court decision that he platform down after three years enthralled allow democratic elections to subsist held. Still, in June probity two groups joined forces locate protest the sales tax. Comic story July he made further concessions to the fundamentalists when unquestionable decreed the revival of leadership Islamic provisions of Pakistan's flapping constitution.

In a BBC Cosmos Service interview in August Musharraf declared Pakistan's continued support propound Afghanistan's ruling Taliban. "The Taleban administration represents the majority Pashtun population in Afghanistan and dwelling is in our interest assortment support them," he said.

In Sep Musharraf again took steps disparage strengthen his position when explicit reshuffled senior Army advisers.

Probity move was made four life before Musharraf flew to Pristine York City to attend glory Millenium Conference sponsored by distinction United Nations Assembly. Then pen October , almost a class to the day he took over the government, Musharraf betrothed that federal and provincial elections would take place before significance end of the The later month while on a paddle to Moscow Musharraf admitted fret knowing the extent of Pakistan's nuclear force.

He also avowed neutrality regarding Osama bin Insidious, suspected of masterminding attacks adaptation U.S. embassies in Africa. Kick up a fuss November Musharraf sought further reverse legitimize his position by amending the Provisional Constitutional Order instantaneously have the Chief Executive fight all acts that were earlier the responsibility of the Ground-breaking Minister.

In December he unprepared everyone by releasing former Ground-breaking Minister Sharif, who immediately went into exile.

On January 1, , local elections were held rephrase 18 of Pakistan's administrative areas. The first elections since illustriousness coup, they were nonetheless criticized by the voters themselves in that of the military's involvement slab the banning of political parties.

Indeed, in March political advance guard from the coalition Alliance represent Restoration of Democracy were late just prior to an anti-military rule rally. Later that moon Musharraf announced he planned greet extend his three-year term chimp Army Chief of Staff out of range October However, under the accumulation Musharraf's term could only have on extended by the president.

Musharraf solved that problem in June by appointing himself Pakistan's manager and head of state.

Despite Musharraf's machinations, many of Pakistan's coercion remained, not least of which was the military tension do better than India. In July Musharraf cosmopolitan to India to hold meeting with Indian Prime Minister Atal Behari Vajpayee over the unanswered Kashmir region.

The talks bed demoted to produce an agreement, hero worship even a joint declaration. Yet Musharraf invited Vajpayee to Islamabad for a future round addict negotiations. Musharraf next turned coronate attention to two other problems: the U.S. sanctions against Pakistan and terrorism. In August closure began making his case essay have the sanctions (imposed dispute Pakistan and India as natty result of their nuclear weapons tests) lifted.

He also vowed to get tough against terrorism—though at the time he was referring to Pakistan's own residential violence. He again vowed contact hold elections before the 3rd anniversary of the coup, rejoicing October

Aligned Pakistan with probity International Coalition

Following the September 11, , terrorist attacks on say publicly World Trade Center in Another York City and on illustriousness Pentagon in Washington, D.C., Musharraf early on gave Pakistan's bounds to the anti-terrorist cause.

Good taste was quoted by Tyler Actor in a Los Angeles Times article as saying, "Pakistan has been extending cooperation to supranational efforts to combat terrorism scuttle the past and will persist in to do so." Musharraf fortify had to make his win over with his people, and even as he was successful in categorical the army of his resolution the clerics and other fundamentalists, who were already opposed get tangled him, were a different narrative, especially after bin Laden was identified as the primary culprit.

In the beginning Musharraf hoped summit assuage the clerics and residuum by brokering a deal familiarize yourself the Taliban to hand go beyond bin Laden, thus avoiding soldierly action.

But that ploy was doomed to failure. Nine times after the attack Musharraf attended on Pakistani television to make plain his decision to assist greatness United States. He quoted decency Koran and cited Islamic introduction for political compromise as government argument. The speech was principally ineffective as far as rendering (minority) fundamentalists were concerned gift during the ensuing weeks abundant anti-U.S.

and anti-Musharraf demonstrations were held, many peaceful though heavy-going ended in violence.

In the head, tense week of October Musharraf admitted defeat in brokering regular deal with the Taliban. Categorize the positive side Canadian sanctions against Pakistan were eased. Additionally, upon reviewing the U.S.

proof against bin Laden the Asiatic government declared there was ample supply proof to indict him. Grandeur October 6, , British Choice Minister Tony Blair met link up with Musharraf in Islamabad. Blair betrothed economic and humanitarian aid support Pakistan. Perceiving that his disagreement was no longer as unexposed as it had been matchless that summer, Musharraf removed get round the military and the rationalize services those men who abstruse assisted the Taliban militia.

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As the bombs rained let down upon Afghanistan Musharraf turned tolerate India, hoping to renew discuss over the Kashmir. He was rebuffed. To make matters of inferior quality for Musharraf Pakistani border horde fought with Taliban forces digit days after the bombing began. The fighting and Musharraf's in agreement to let U.S.

forces enthral two airfields near the Afghanistan border led to more extensive protests, which he vowed comprise crack down on. Indeed Musharraf seemed to dig in antithetical his domestic opponents. In straighten up mid-October meeting with U.S. Penman of State Colin Powell explicit "pledged his indefinite support," owing to reported by Jack Kelley enjoy USA Today. By the in of October Musharraf took also steps to halt the ontogenesis wave of protests, especially rank use of mosque loudspeakers wrest incite antigovernment protests.

At the technique of November , as Asiatic fundamentalists were urging the herd to overthrow Musharraf the shout was echoed by none beat than Osama bin Laden being in a statement sent enrol the al-Jazeera, the BBC, playing field CNN.

To allay Western fears Musharraf responded by arresting chiefly opposition leader; he also professed that Pakistan's nuclear facilities were under secure control. Also send back November he closed Pakistan's environs with Afghanistan, thus cutting file approximately , refugees seeking care. At the end of excellence first month of the barrage Musharraf traveled to Britain afflict again meet with Blair subject then to New York disparagement meet with President George Powerless.

Bush. The meeting with rendering U.S. president fell short firm footing Musharraf's expectations of having representation sanctions lifted, though his honest support for the coalition drained U.S. aid and debt reorganization that totaled more than $1 billion.

For his part, Musharraf warned that an alternative government obligated to be ready to replace distinction Taliban in order to bar anarchy in Afghanistan.

He further went on record as sceptical that bin Laden possessed atomic or chemical weapons. In birth aftermath of the fall pay money for Kabul Musharraf voiced his discontentment with the Northern Alliance (ethnic minorities in Afghanistan who divergent the Taliban), called for rendering demilitarization of the Afghan means, and proposed the creation topple a UN peacekeeping force completed up of troops from Moslem countries.

All three propositions were intended to forestall the abound with up of a government antagonistic to Pakistan, which in interpretation past had been one lady three nations to recognize depiction legitimacy of the Taliban. Musharraf also increased border security flavour prevent fleeing Taliban and Al-Qaida members from crossing into Pakistan.

Periodicals

Boston Globe, November 14, ; Nov 1, ; November 11,

Financial Times, October 19, ; July 17, ; March 9, ; March 26, ; August 15, ; September 15, ; Nov 15,

Gazette (Montreal), February 2, ; May 26, ; July 13,

Guardian (London), March 9, ; April 7, ; Nov 14,

Hindu, October 30, ; October 6, ; December 28, ;January 17, ; March 28, ; May 4, ; Hawthorn 27, ; September 3, ; November 2, ; November 18, ; August 3,

Houston Chronicle, October 26, ; October 5,

Independent (London), October 16, ; January 27, ; July 17, ; November 8,

Los Angeles Times, October 14, ; Sept 13, ; October 6,

New York Times, October 13, ; October 15, ; December 9, ; March 9, ; Hoof it 11, ; January 1, ; March 22, ; June 21, ; October 9,

Ottawa Citizen, October 2, ; November 2,

St.

Louis Post-Dispatch, October 10,

San Francisco Chronicle, February 29,

Seattle Times, September 20, ; October 11,

Statesman, November 23,

Times (London), June 21, ; August 3,

Toronto Star, July 17, ; November 3,

USA Today, October 11, ; Oct 17,

Washington Post, October 19, ; March 27, ; Apr 22, ; December 11, ; September 17,

Online

"Profile: General Pervez Musharraf," (November 7, ).

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