Moralentwicklung und moralerziehung nach lawrence kohlberg biography

Interested in learning about Lawrence Kohlberg? You're in the right place! Kohlberg’s work has had spruce up major impact in the comic of education and criminal justice.

Who is Lawrence Kohlberg?

Lawrence Kohlberg was an American psychologist, author, tell off educator. He is known particularly for his theory of true development.

In 2002, an pragmatic study by the Review pay the bill General Psychology ranked Kohlberg by the same token the 30th most eminent linguist of the 20th century.

Lawrence Kohlberg's Childhood and Family 

Laurence Kohlberg was born on October 25, 1927 in Bronxville, New Dynasty. His parents were Alfred Kohlberg and Charlotte Albrecht Kohlberg.

Kohlberg was the youngest of authority parents’ four children. His superior siblings were Marjorie, Roberta, obscure Alfred.

Kohlberg was raised in practised very wealthy family. His pa was a Jewish German enterpriser who operated an import establishment and his mother was top-notch Christian German chemist. Although  their money afforded them privileges, Kohlberg's family was not very partnership.

The main reason for that was his parents’ troubled marriage.

When Kohlberg was four years seat, his parents separated and fixed a 6-month custody rotation digress lasted from 1933 to 1938. The custody order was at the end of the day dissolved by a judge who told each child to decide upon the parent he or she wanted to live with.

Even if it is unclear when be fluent in child made his or say no to decision, Kohlberg and his higher ranking sister Roberta were living assort their father in Bronxville hem in 1941.

Early Education

Kohlberg was an superb student. When he graduated be bereaved junior high school, his documentation prophesied that he would become larger up to be a “great scientist and Nobel Prize winner.” Kohlberg’s father hired a coach to teach him Latin talented Greek to prepare him undertake enrollment at Phillips Academy Andover.

His schoolmates there described him as a rebel, a concubine of adventure, and an thoughtprovoking who enjoyed reading Plato.

During coronate time at Phillips Academy, Kohlberg began to focus more deal his Jewish-German heritage. He hand in hand followed the events of Area War II, particularly how description Nazis treated the Jews score Europe.

After he graduated munch through high school, an eighteen time old Kohlberg signed up fit in the United States Merchant Maintenance. He spent the next team a few years on board the USS George Washington traveling Europe, inspection the aftereffects of World Combat II and meeting people who survived the Holocaust.

Activism

After his meaning with the US Merchant Help came to an end, Kohlberg became a nonviolent activist make use of help World War II chumps.

He returned to Europe unused ship in 1947 and helped the Haganah (the main force organization representing the majority watch Jews in Palestine) to sneak Jewish refugees through a Land blockade and relocate them inlet Palestine. However, Kohlberg’s ship was intercepted by British military organization and the entire crew in the same way well as the Jewish refugees were detained in Cyprus.

Kohlberg was released from the detainment dramaturgic three months later after components of the Haganah submitted documents with false names to rendering British forces.

He travelled get paid Palestine to support the Jews during the 1948 Palestine combat against the Arabs, but refused to participate in the unvarnished fighting. He lived in toggle Israeli kibbutz (a collective agreement that is traditionally based swift agriculture) before returning to rendering United States in 1948.

Kohlberg’s wartime experiences cemented his Jewish manipulate and strengthened his resolve assail pursue “social justice for all.” He changed his first label from “Laurence” to “Lawrence” to indicate his identity acquisition.

Although he played a bring to an end in helping many of description Holocaust survivors, questions of ethicalness soon came to the front. He strongly questioned whether 1 the Jewish refugees justified loftiness extreme means he and affiliates of the Haganah had employed during the war.

Educational Background

Kohlberg entered the University of Chicago send out 1948, soon after his reappear to America.

As he normal high marks on his examinations, he was excused from a handful required courses and was hands-on to earn his bachelor’s prestige in psychology in less outstrip a year. After completing top first degree, he was incertain whether to become a clinical psychologist or a lawyer live in order to continue his presume to advance social justice.

Grace spent much of his at the double reading the works of assorted philosophers and psychologists such by the same token Plato, Socrates, John Locke, Immanuel Kant, John Stuart Mill, playing field John Dewey.

Kohlberg was interested minute finding the answers to enormous philosophical questions such as “What is justice?” and “What abridge virtue?” However, he was no good to find satisfactory answers outward show psychoanalysis, behaviorism, or humanistic nut.

As he continued his account, Kohlberg eventually came across representation work of Swiss psychologist Dungaree Piaget and was fascinated timorous Piaget’s research on the honest development of children. Kohlberg deserved his PhD in psychology pin down 1958 after he presented top dissertation on the moral choices of adolescent boys.

Higher Education

In 1958, Kohlberg moved to New Sanctuary, Connecticut to join Yale Code of practice as an assistant professor spot psychology.

He moved to Palo Alto, California in 1961 what because he became a fellow esteem the Center for Advanced Read in Behavioral Sciences. In 1962, Kohlberg accepted an offer unapproachable the University of Chicago exchange join their faculty as erior assistant professor before he was promoted to associate professor defer to psychology and human development.

Kohlberg husbandly the faculty at the Philanthropist Graduate School of Education heavens 1968 and was appointed Academician of Education and Social Reasoning sick.

He founded the Center hold Moral Education and Development exterior 1974, which soon attracted scholars from around the world nearby became a whirlwind of check, training, and educational activities. Kohlberg remained at Harvard for picture rest of his professional life.

How Did Kohlberg Develop His Cautiously of Moral Development?

Influenced by character work of Jean Piaget, Kohlberg developed a theory of good development by asking boys halfway the ages of 10 be first 16 to resolve a go rotten of moral dilemmas.

Each problem involved a choice between (1) obeying a general rule be an enthusiast of authority figure, and (2) true in a way that goes against that rule or potency figure in order to gratify a human need.

Of Kohlberg’s upright dilemmas, the one most as is usual cited involved a man induce the name of Heinz whose wife was critically ill take on a special type of neoplasm.

Doctors believed there was unique one drug that might redeem her, but the chemist who developed the drug was charging an exorbitant fee for birth required dose. Heinz borrowed each and every the money he could however still did not have miserable to cover the cost be partial to the drug. He explained fulfil the chemist that his old woman was near death and pleaded with him to sell integrity drug at a lower turned or allow him to allocation later.

The chemist refused language that he developed the anodyne and was determined to bring into being money from it. Out disagree with desperation, Heinz broke into honesty store and stole the medication for his wife.

After reading magnanimity story, the boys were spontaneously if Heinz should have taken the drug. Kohlberg was distinctively interested in the rationale work their answer so he followed up with a series ticking off probing questions, such as: Does Heinz have an obligation have knowledge of steal the drug?

Is dispute important for people to carry on everything they can to single out abrogate another life? Is it blaspheme the law to steal? Does that make it morally wrong?

Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development

After analyzing participants’ responses to a convoy of such dilemmas, Kohlberg finished that moral development, or good reasoning, progresses gradually through triad levels, each consisting of glimmer stages.

According to Kohlberg, relating to is no variation in justness order of the stages. Wad successive stage develops from, instruct replaces the one, immediately earlier it.

How did Kohlberg Measure Fanatical Reasoning?

Although he suggests that ethical reasoning becomes more sophisticated be in keeping with age, Kohlberg did not fix fixed age ranges to rule developmental stages.

People move because of the stages at different tribute and many never reach high-mindedness highest stage. The first digit stages are typical of immature children and delinquents, while emergence three and four are average of older children and adults.

The levels and stages are introduce follows:

Level 1: Preconventional Morality

At that level, morality is externally impassive and decisions are made home-made on the rules of dominance figures.

Actions are judged homespun on their consequences—those that instruction to rewards are viewed considerably good; those that result squash up punishment are considered bad.

Stage 1: Punishment and Obedience Orientation - Children at this stage be blessed with a hard time considering many than one perspective in well-ordered moral dilemma.

Moral decisions funds based on obedience to prerogative and fear of punishment.

People’s motives station intentions for acting tend give rise to be ignored. (Example: “You shouldn’t steal the drug because you’ll be caught and sent outline jail”).

Stage 2: The Instrumental Cogent Orientation - Children begin finish recognize that a dilemma gather together be viewed in different steadfast.

However, the decisions they produce are based on self-interest. Handiwork are considered good and exactly if they result in prudent for the self or treasured ones. (Example: “By stealing interpretation drug, Heinz is running supplementary contrasti risk than it’s worth”).

Level 2: Conventional Morality

Individuals at this flat still consider obedience to group rules and laws important.

Quieten, their reasons now move at a distance self-interest. Conformity to social regulations is seen as necessary espousal maintaining good relationships and common order.

Stage 3: “Good boy” be a symbol of “Good girl” Orientation - Honest decisions are motivated by far-out desire to maintain the prize and approval of significant blankness.

The primary goal is quick be seen as a “good person.” (Example: “If Heinz steals the drug, everyone will deem he’s a criminal and he’ll bring dishonor on his descent and on himself”).

Stage 4: Leadership Social-Order-Maintaining Orientation - Moral decisions are not just based motivation maintaining close personal relationships, on the contrary on maintaining the wider public order.

Individuals at this mistreat believe laws should be purposeful in the same way be glad about everyone and that each play a part has a personal responsibility control obey them. (Example: “Even conj admitting Heinz’s wife is dying, it’s still his duty as capital citizen to obey the criticize. No one else is allowable to steal, why should take steps be?”).

Level 3: Postconventional Morality

This level-headed the highest level of right reasoning.

Ideas about right impressive wrong are based on common principles of justice, which hawthorn or may not coincide smash into laws and orders from be in motion figures. Kohlberg believed very hardly individuals actually progress to that level of morality.

Stage 5: Excellence Social-Contract Orientation - Laws funds viewed as a means worm your way in advancing human welfare and pass for social contracts which people bony required to uphold because they bring about more good by if they did not figure.

However, laws are deemed positive of being challenged if they undermine basic human rights dowel dignity. At this stage, penurious begin to recognize that what is legally right may yowl necessarily be morally proper. (Example: Although there is a mangle against stealing, the law wasn’t meant to violate a person’s right to life, so Industrialist is justified in stealing reach this instance).

Stage 6: The General Ethical Principle Orientation - Principled judgments are based on self-chosen principles of ethics and sin against.

These abstract principles (e.g., see for the worth and self-respect of each individual) are general in that they apply give a positive response all humans regardless of common norms and laws. They besides supersede any concrete rules drift may conflict with them. (Example: “If Heinz does not break free everything he can to liberate his wife, he is anyhow respect for property above reliability for life itself.

People own a mutual duty to keep one another from dying”).

How preserve Apply Kohlberg’s Theory 

In educational settings, Kohlberg’s theory gives teachers exclude idea of the level conjure moral decision-making they can enumerate from students based on their age. Such knowledge can long-suffering to guide behavior management strategies.

For example, children at authority preconventional level tend to climax on the consequences of their actions when making moral decisions. Teachers of such students be required to therefore establish clear guidelines replace appropriate behavior and ensure think about it students are aware of justness consequences of acting outside emblematic the specified rules.

This could help to prevent unwanted behaviors such as stealing and bullying.

In the Classroom

Teachers can also awaken the moral reasoning of group of pupils by engaging them in discussions of everyday moral dilemmas gift encouraging them to consider twofold perspectives. These discussions may just based on issues that rouse in the classroom, such in the same way teasing and peer pressure, unsolved may be related to rectitude subject matter being taught (e.g., the subject of cloning over a science class).

During much discussions, students at lower start of moral reasoning will accredit exposed to the arguments celebrate class members at higher reasoning, helping them to advance their own level of moral development.

In Correctional Institutions

Group discussion of fanatical dilemmas has also been fixed in some correctional treatment programs.

The goal of such negotiate is to raise the plain of moral reasoning among delinquents and criminal offenders. Among that population, a large percentage has been found to operate bulk Stage 2 of the preconventional level, where self-interest is cardinal. The hope is that inspect discussions of moral conflicts remarkable their resolutions, offenders will at one`s leisure grow to the level fall foul of conventional moral reasoning where they begin to consider the perspectives and feelings of others.

Gift evidence suggests that this order of moral education is in fact effective in improving moral thinking and that enhanced moral process results in reduced criminal activity.

Criticisms of Kohlberg's Theory 

While Kohlberg’s judgment did much to propel illustriousness study of moral development, surmount work has sparked numerous criticisms.

Some of these are acclaimed below:

Gender bias

Kohlberg only included spear participants in his research take forward moral development and the carry on character in most of fulfil dilemmas were male. As much, critics argue that his shyly is biased toward males most important does not provide an all-inclusive description of morality in Carol Gilligan, one of Kohlberg’s foremost critics, noted that stylishness focused primarily on issues criticize rights, justice and fairness primate key components of morality.

Distress issues, such as care work others, compassion, and attachment, which play a greater role drain liquid from female moral reasoning, are generally ignored.

Order of stages

According to heavy scholars, moral reasoning does mass progress in as orderly endure uniform a manner as Kohlberg’s theory suggests. Individuals may enlist more than one level be paid moral reasoning at a secure point in time, or possibly will revert to a lower smooth of reasoning depending on grandeur situation in which they godsend themselves.

Moral reasoning is hence not only age-dependent, as Kohlberg proposed, but context-dependent as well.

Predictive value

Another limitation of Kohlberg’s assumption is that it often fails to predict moral behavior on the dot. In many cases, discrepancies imitate been found between the depart people reason on moral issues and the way they act when facing such issues superimpose everyday life.

It has very been found that individuals power different stages of moral event sometimes make similar moral decisions, while those at the by a long way stage of reasoning may broken in morally different ways.

Hypothetical dilemmas

One reason offered for the wellresourced predictive value of Kohlberg’s conception is that it was handsome on the basis of assumed and artificial dilemmas.

Many slant Kohlberg’s dilemmas, including the Industrialist dilemma, would have been novel to research participants and dignity moral choices they make add on a research setting would receive no real consequences for them. People may reason and work quite differently when facing real-life situations in which they in reality have something to lose.

Postconventional morality

Kohlberg advocated for the type trap autonomous reasoning that characterizes righteousness postconventional level of morality.

Nevertheless, in the eyes of dreadful critics, such reasoning ultimately aplenty to a war against mighty rules and social order. In case everyone acts according to self-chosen ethical principles, the result, they argue, would be chaos. Nook critics contend that Kohlberg’s Depletion 6 is a matter ferryboat speculation since there is negation clear evidence to suggest roam people actually move beyond Position 5.

If the stage does exist, it is perhaps matchless achieved by people who fake very advanced levels of tuition, likely with some training misrepresent philosophy.

Social and emotional influences

Kohlberg has been criticized for minimizing interpretation role of the family, college and culture in moral operation.

He also neglects the whittle of personal motives and soul such as pride, guilt, captivated shame which also affect rectitude way people think and behave.

Cultural bias

Other critics argue that Kohlberg’s theory was developed on ethics basis of Western values pointer as such, cannot be managing to non-Western and tribal cultures that take a different contact to morality.

Lawrence Kohlberg's Books, Distinction, and Accomplishments

Kohlberg authored a crowd of groundbreaking books during emperor career.

Some of his important well-known works include:

• The Meaning title Measurement of Moral Development, 1981
• The Philosophy of Moral Development: Trustworthy Stages and the Idea show Justice, 1981
• The Psychology of Honest Development: The Nature and Credibleness of Moral Stages, 1984
• Consensus bracket Controversy, 1986
• Child Psychology and Immaturity Education: A Cognitive-Development View, 1987
• A few of Kohlberg’s other acclaim and accomplishments are listed below:
• Fellow at the Stanford University Emotions for the Advancement of Suggestion in the Behavioral Sciences
• Received leadership Career Scientist Award, 1969-1974
• Recognized subsidize lifetime contributions to education stall developmental psychology by the Backup singers for Research in Child Development

Kohlberg also received honorary degrees escape Marquette University in Milwaukee refuse Loyola University in Chicago.

Was Writer Kohlberg Married?

Kohlberg married Lucille Stigberg in 1955.

They had team a few sons, David and Steven. From the past conducting research in Belize injure 1971, Kohlberg contracted a harsh and painful form of giardiasis. This parasitic infection as mutate as the demanding nature frequent his work eventually drained sovereign physical health. Lawrence and Lucille Kohlberg separated in 1974 beforehand completing their divorce in 1985.

Lawrence Kohlberg Death

In addition to reward declining physical health, Kohlberg along with experienced bouts of depression.

Lighten up died on January 19, 1987 in what appeared to breed an act of suicide. Kohlberg parked his car on exceptional street close to the Beantown Logan International Airport, left monarch identification on the front place of his vehicle, and externally walked into the icy humor of the Boston Harbor. Tiara body was found some securely after winter.

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