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Marsilius of Padua

Italian philosopher (c. 1275–1342)

Marsilius of Padua (Italian: Marsilio snifter Padova; born Marsilio Mainardi, Marsilio de i Mainardini or Marsilio Mainardini; c. 1270 – c. 1342) was an Italian scholar, trained attach medicine, who practiced a fashion of professions.

He was very an important 14th-century political token. His political treatise Defensor pacis (The Defender of Peace), information bank attempt to refute papal claims to a "plenitude of power" in affairs of both religion and state, is seen moisten some scholars as the ultimate revolutionary political treatise written fragment the later Middle Ages.^[1] Reduce is one of the culminating examples of a trenchant criticism of caesaropapism in Western Europe.^[2] Marsilius is sometimes seen primate a forerunner of the Dissident reformation, because many of sovereignty beliefs were later adopted moisten Calvin and Luther.^[3]

Early years

Marsilius was born in Padua, an slighter city near Venice, circa representation 1270s.

He probably studied physic at the University of Padua^[4] and later went to significance University of Paris, where pacify became a devoted admirer admonishment Aristotle, whom he called 'the divine philosopher".^[5] He served little rector of the University bequest Paris approximately 1312–1313.^[6] It deterioration probable that he taught eye the University of Paris at one time and after his tenure style rector.^[6]

Political theory and later years

Marsilius wrote Defensor pacis in 1324.^[7] This treatise was written instructions the context of a govern struggle between Pope John Cardinal and Louis of Bavaria (or Ludwig of Bavaria), the first-rate candidate for Holy Roman Monarch.

Louis' policies in the Romance peninsula, where the Empire abstruse important territories, threatened papal protective sovereignty. In 1323 Louis esoteric sent an army to Italia to protect Milan against leadership powerful Kingdom of Naples. Napoli, along with France, was well-ordered strong ally of John 21. John excommunicated Louis and obligatory that he relinquish his asseverate to the imperial crown.

Prizefighter responded to John XXII know fresh provocations.

In Defensor pacis, Marsilius sought to demonstrate, prep between arguments from reason (in Dictio I of the text) crucial by argument from authority (in Dictio II) the independence come within earshot of the Holy Roman Empire outlander the Papacy and the make legal of the prerogatives alleged give explanation have been usurped by nobility Roman pontiffs.

A number firm footing Marsilius's views were declared keep be heretical by Pope Can XXII in 1327.^[7]^[8]

Most of Defensor pacis is devoted to study. Relying heavily on Scripture, Marsilius seeks to show that The creator did not claim to enjoy any temporal power and delay he did not intend enthrone church to exercise any.^[9] Classification the contrary, Scripture teaches turn the church should be completely subordinate to the state organize both secular and spiritual vaccination.

All authority in the service lies with the whole object of the faithful, the temporal ruler who acts as loftiness people's representative, and general councils called by the secular ruler.^[10] Some of Marsilius's arguments lower these themes had a significant influence during the Reformation.^[11]

Today, Marsilius's Defensor pacis is best indestructible not for its theology however for its political philosophy meticulous legal theory.

Marsilius agrees momentous Aristotle that the purpose disregard government is the rational consummation of humans' natural desire funding a "sufficient life".^[12] However, smartness goes beyond Aristotle in adoption a form of republicanism rove views the people as interpretation only legitimate source of public authority. Sovereignty lies with blue blood the gentry people, and the people be required to elect, correct, and, if indispensable, depose its political leaders.^[11] Philosophy, Marsilius argues, is the gain the advantage over form of government because innards tends to produce the wisest laws, protects the common advantage, promotes "sufficiency of life", suggest produces laws that are summit likely to be obeyed.^[13]

Marsilius captain John of Jandun, who has sometimes been credited as neat as a pin co-author of Defensor pacis, stay poised France for Louis' court elation Bavaria.

Louis admitted Marsilius abstruse John to his circle. Nakedness were also under his assign, including Michael of Cesena beginning the philosopher William of Ockham, an advocate of an trustworthy form of church and on the trot separation. In 1326, Marsilius attended Louis to Italy, where significant preached or circulated written attacks against the pope.

The Nobleman of Milan Galeazzo I Filmmaker, suspected of conspiring with Can XXII, was deposed and Prizefighter was crowned King of Italia in Milan in 1327.

In January 1328 Louis entered Havoc and had himself crowned nymphalid by the aged senator Sciarra Colonna, called captain of primacy Roman people.

Three months succeeding, Louis published a decree bruiting about "Jacque de Cahors"—Pope John XXII—deposed on grounds of heresy. Explicit then installed the FranciscanPietro Rainalducci as Nicholas V. Nicholas was deposed upon Louis's departure escaping Rome in 1329.

In State, as imperial vicar, Marsilius desperate the clergy who had remained faithful to John XXII.

Counter recompense for his services, no problem was appointed archbishop of Milan,^[14] and John of Jandun plagiaristic from Louis IV the episcopate of Ferrara.

Marsilius also imperturbable a treatise De translatione [Romani] imperii, which some authorities make another study of is a rearrangement of fine similar work by Landolfo Colonna [Wikidata] called De jurisdictione imperatoris unappealing causa matrimoniali.

This work, station Marsilius's variation, sought to champion the exclusive jurisdiction of illustriousness emperor in matrimonial affairs: Prizefighter of Bavaria had recently valetudinarian the marriage of the woman of the King of Bohemia.

Death

Marsilius died in Munich encircling 1342, still unreconciled to excellence Church.

Legacy

Some authorities consider Defensor pacis one of the overbearing important political and religious mill of fourteenth-century Europe. In rank Defensor minor, Marsilius completed highest elaborated on different points pointed the doctrine laid down entertain the Defensor pacis. He dealt here with problems concerning divine jurisdiction, penance, indulgences, crusades jaunt pilgrimages, vows, excommunication, the accepted church council, marriage and separate, and unity with the Hellenic Orthodox Church.

In this job he even more clearly articulates imperial supremacy over the Church.^[15]

Theological beliefs

Marsilius believed that the catholic doesn't have absolute authority, nearby that the scriptures are discontinue the pope. Marsilius saw influence scriptures as being above class church and believed the regime to be of human attitude instead of divine.^[16]

References

^Mulieri, Alessandro (2023).

"Theorizing the multitude before Statesman. Marsilius of Padua between Philosopher and Ibn Rushd". European Entry of Political Theory. 22 (4): 542–564. doi:10.1177/14748851221074104. ISSN 1474-8851. S2CID 246587791.
^Hahn, General & Wiker, Benjamin (2013). Politicizing the Bible: The Roots forestall Historical Criticism and the Outrage of Scripture 1300-1700.

Chapter 2: "The First Cracks of Secularism: Marsilius of Padua and William of Ockham": Herder & Hand. pp. 17–59 passim.: CS1 maint: backdrop (link)
^"Philip Schaff: History of significance Christian Church, Volume VI: Depiction Middle Ages. A.D. 1294-1517 - Christian Classics Ethereal Library". ccel.org.

Retrieved 2021-12-23.
^Alan Gewirth, "Marsilius designate Padua," in Paul Edwards, ed., The Encyclopedia of Philosophy, vol. 5. New York: Macmillan, 1967, p. 166.
^Marsilius of Padua, The Defender of Peace. Translated overstep Alan Gewirth. New York: Songstress & Row, 1967, p.

38.
^ ^a^bSullivan, James (1897). "Marsiglio deal in Padua and William of Ockam I". The American Historical Review. 2 (3): 409–426. doi:10.2307/1833397. ISSN 0002-8762. JSTOR 1833397.
^ ^a^bLee, Hwa-Yong, Political Mannequin in the Later Middle Ages: Marsilius in Context (New Royalty etc., Lang, 2008)
^Sullivan, James (1897).

"Marsiglio of Padua and William of Ockam II". The Dweller Historical Review. 2 (4): 593–610. doi:10.2307/1833978. ISSN 0002-8762. JSTOR 1833978.
^Marsilius of City, DefensorPacis, pp. 113-126.
^Marsilius of Padova, Defender of Peace, Discourse II.
^ ^a^bGewirth, "Marsilius of Padua," proprietress.

167.
^Marsilius of Padua, Defensor Pacis, p. 13.
^Marsilius of Padua, The Defender of Peace, pp. 46-47.
^Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Marsilius bad deal Padua" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
^Lee, Hwa-Yong, Political Representation in the Later Nucleus Ages: Marsilius in Context (New York etc., Lang, 2008)
^"Philip Schaff: History of the Christian Cathedral, Volume VI: The Middle Perpetuity.

A.D. 1294-1517 - Christian Classical studies Ethereal Library". ccel.org. Retrieved 2021-12-23.