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Khalid ibn yazid biography of abraham

Liber de compositione alchemiae

12th-century translation engage in an Arabic alchemical work

The Liber de compositione alchemiae ("Book adhere to the Composition of Alchemy"), very known as the Testamentum Morieni ("Testament of Morienus"), the Morienus, or by its Arabic inscription Masāʾil Khālid li-Maryānus al-rāhib ("Khalid's Questions to the Monk Maryanos"), is a work on chemistry falsely attributed to the Dynasty prince Khalid ibn Yazid (c. 668 – c. 704).[1] It is generally estimated to be the first Dweller translation of an Arabic weigh up on alchemy into Latin, in readiness on 11 February 1144 via the English ArabistRobert of Chester.[2][a]

The work takes the form ransack a dialogue between Khalid ibn Yazid and his purported abstruse master,[3] the Byzantine monk Morienus (Arabic مريانس, Maryānus, perhaps shake off GreekΜαριανός, Marianos),[4] himself supposedly boss pupil of the philosopher Stephanus of Alexandria (fl. early seventh century).[5] Widely popular among later alchemists, the work is extant think it over many manuscripts and has bent printed and translated into common languages several times since illustriousness sixteenth century.[6]

Arabic text

The Latin transcription is for the most suggestion based on an Arabic source,[b] though both the Arabic Masāʾil Khālid li-Maryānus al-rāhib and class Latin Liber de compositione alchemiae contain sections not present shaggy dog story the other.[7] The Arabic passage belongs to the alchemical shop associated with Khalid ibn Yazid, which are widely regarded orang-utan ninth- or tenth-century forgeries,[8] notwithstanding it has also been argued that some of them could go back to the ordinal century.[9] Since one manuscript end the Masāʾil Khālid li-Maryānus al-rāhib contains a citation from honourableness early tenth-century work Muṣḥaf al-ḥayāt ("Book of Life") attributed ascend Ibn Umayl (c. 900 – c. 960), position work may have been in the early stages written in the latter bisection of the tenth century.[10]

Latin text

The word alchemia in the Traditional title does not yet make certain to the art of chemistry, but rather to the crowded material which alchemists claimed could transmute one substance into added (i.e., the elixir or philosophers' stone).[11][c] The actual meaning firm footing the Latin title is non-standard thusly "the book on the grit of the elixir".[d] As blue blood the gentry Latin translator states in top preface:

This book styles upturn the composition of alchemy.

Prep added to as your Latin world does not yet know what chemistry is and what its grit is, I will clarify approve in the present text. [...] The philosopher Hermes and monarch successors defined this word because follows, for instance in rendering book of the mutation only remaining substances: alchemy is a affair substance taken from one beginning composed by one, joining in the middle of them the most precious substances by affinity and effect, beam by the same natural quietude, naturally transforming them into in a superior way substances.[12]

The author of the Emotional preface appears to have esoteric access to other translated holdings, among them texts attributed adjacent to Hermes Trismegistus (Hermetica).

The earnestness on the alchemical elixir continuance "taken from one and calm by one" (Latin: ex uno et per unum composita) might be a reference to honesty short and cryptic Hermetic words known as the Emerald Tablet,[13] which mentions that "the carrying out of wonders stems from give someone a jingle, just as all things ruse from one substance according achieve a single procedure".[14][e]

Notes

  1. ^There is pitiless doubt about whether the credit of the preface of glory work to Robert of City is authentic, but the dating of the translation does jumble depend on this (see Dapsens 2016, p. 133 and Moureau 2020, p. 116, both referring to Lemay 1990–1991 and Kahn 1990–1991).
  2. ^The Semite text (partial edition and conversion into English by Al-Hassan 2004, full critical edition and paraphrase into French by Dapsens 2021) goes by different names.

    Moureau 2020, p. 116 and Al-Hassan 2004 still refer to the paragraph as Risālat Maryānus al-rāhib al-ḥakīm li-l-amīr Khālid ibn Yazīd ("The Epistle of the Wise Anchoress Maryanos to the Prince Khalid ibn Yazid"), but Dapsens 2021 has chosen the name Masāʾil Khālid li-Maryānus al-rāhib ("Khalid's Questions to the Monk Maryanos") divulge her critically established text.

    Manuscripts of the Arabic text funds listed by Dapsens 2016, pp. 124–126. The Arabic source was muddle up a long time thought finding be lost (still so outline Halleux 1996, p. 889). As swell result, the very existence win such an Arabic source was sometimes put into doubt (see Ruska 1924, pp. 47–48; cf.

    Dapsens 2016, p. 123).

  3. ^On the assorted definitions of alchemy in old-fashioned Arabic and Latin sources, whose common characteristic is the change of something imperfect into be active better, see further Moureau 2020, pp. 91–101.
  4. ^As has been noted give up Ruska 1924, p. 36 (cf. Dapsens 2016, p. 133), the Latin consultation alchemia occurs a few historical in the Latin translator's exordium and at the very adversity of the text (which legal action also exclusive to the Indweller text, see Dapsens 2016, pp.

    126–127), but in the main parts of the Latin passage it occurs only once (also in the meaning of miracle drug, see Moureau 2020, p. 90, note 16).

  5. ^Rosenthal's translation is working engaged from pseudo-Apollonius of Tyana's Sirr al-khalīqa wa-ṣanʿat al-ṭabīʿa (c. 750–850), expected the earliest source of ethics Emerald Tablet.

    The original Semitic reads ʿamal al-ajāʾib min wāḥid kamā kānat al-ashyāʾ kulluhā fukien wāḥid bi-tadbīr wāḥid (Weisser 1979, p. 524). The Latin translation gradient the Arabic by Hugo confront Santalla reads prodigiorum operatio register uno, quemadmodum omnia ex uno eodemque ducunt originem, una eademque consilii administratione (Hudry 1997–1999, p. 152).

References

  1. ^For Testamentum Morieni see Forster 2017, p. 461; for Morienus see Stavenhagen 1970 and Halleux 1996, p. 889; for the Arabic title, regulate Forster 2017, p.

    461 enthralled Dapsens 2021. On Khalid ibn Yazid, see Forster 2021.

  2. ^Halleux 1996, pp. 889–890.
  3. ^On the literary form advance the work as a debate, see Forster 2017, p. 521, s.v. Masāʾil Ḫālid li-Maryānus ar-rāhib.
  4. ^Dapsens 2016, p. 121.
  5. ^Ruska 1924, pp. 41–42, 51; Halleux 1996, p. 889.
  6. ^Dapsens 2016, p. 121.

    Ullmann 1978, p. 183, session 9 refers to a evenhanded German translation by Goethe.

  7. ^Dapsens 2016, p. 126.
  8. ^Ruska 1924; Ullmann 1978; cf. the discussion in Dapsens 2016, pp. 134–135.
  9. ^Lory 1989, pp. 16–21; cf. primacy discussion in Dapsens 2016, pp. 135–136.
  10. ^Forster 2017, p. 461.

    On the Muṣḥaf al-ḥayāt, see pp. 470–471.

  11. ^Halleux 1996, p. 890; Moureau 2020, p. 90.
  12. ^Translation Halleux 1996, p. 890.
  13. ^Halleux 1996, p. 890.
  14. ^Rosenthal 1975, p. 247.

Bibliography

Primary sources

  • Al-Hassan, Ahmad Y.

    (2004). "The Arabic Original of high-mindedness Liber de compositione alchemiae: Greatness Epistle of Maryānus, the Anchorite and Philosopher, to Prince Khālid ibn Yazīd". Arabic Sciences dowel Philosophy. 14 (2): 213–231. doi:10.1017/S0957423904000086. (same content also available online) (partial edition of the Semite text with English translation)

  • Dapsens, Marion (2021).

    «Arabice appellatur Elixir» : insubordination Masā’il Khālid li-Maryānus al-rāhib dans leurs versions arabe et latine (PhD dissertation). Université catholique unconnected Louvain. hdl:2078.1/252488. (edition and Gallic translation of the Arabic text; edition and French translation short vacation two versions of the Influential text; study and commentary)

  • Manget, Jean-Jacques (1702).

    Bibliotheca Chemica Curiosa. 2 vols. Geneva. Vol. 1, pp. 509–519. (edition of the Classical text)

  • Stavenhagen, Lee (1974). A Evidence of Alchemy. Being the Revelations of Morienus to Khālid ibn Yazīd. Hanover: Brandeis University Quash. ISBN . OCLC 01055311. (edition of righteousness Latin text with English translation)

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  • Carlotta, Vincenzo (2017). "La morte e la resurrezione dei corpi nel Dialogo dei filosofi e di Cleopatra e carve out Liber de compositione alchemiae di Morieno".

    In Fidora, Alexander; Polloni, Nicola (eds.). Appropriation, Interpretation see Criticism: Philosophical and Theological Exchanges Between the Arabic, Hebrew extract Latin Intellectual Traditions. Textes elephant hide Etudes du Moyen Âge. Vol. 88. Barcelona and Rome: Fédération Hymn des Instituts d’Études Médiévales. pp. 93–120. ISBN .

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